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\title{Teredo Tunnel Simulation}
\author{\selectlanguage{vietnamese}Nguyễn Gia Phong---BI9-184}

\begin{document}
\selectlanguage{english}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents

\newpage
\section{Introduction}
\subsection{Brief Description}
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the most recent version of
the Internet Protocol, was developed by the IETF to deal with
the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion.  Despite being
superior to IPv4 in multiple aspect (e.g. larger address space,
extension headers), IPv6 has not been widely adopted, although it has been
semi-standardized in 1998 and fully-standardized in 2017~\cite{rfc8200}.

During the transition period, teredo tunneling has been used to give
IPv6 connectivity for IPv6-capable hosts that are on the IPv4 Internet
but have no native connection to an IPv6 network~\cite{rfc4380}.
In this article, I will demontrate a way to set up such tunnel up
on virtual machines, then examine the packets being sent by IPv6 nodes
connected by the tunnel.

\subsection{Licensing and Attribution}
This work is licensed under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

Aside from the listed references, I would also like to express my gratitude
toward Dr. {\selectlanguage{vietnamese}Giang Anh Tuấn}, whose teaching material
gave me basic understanding on computer network as well as a chance to practice
on networking studies like this.\footnote{I would never have the motivation to
self-study this subject otherwise.}  In addition, I want to thank user
\textbf{detonate} in Freenode's \#ipv6, who pointed out to me that local
IPv6 addresses (\verb|fe80::/64|) are not forwardable.

\section{Configuration}
\subsection{Virtual Machines}
In order to simulate Teredo tunneling, one needs two IPv6 nodes and two routers
with both IPv4 and IPv6 access.  In total, there needs to be four
virtual machines to be set up, thus I went for Void Linux, which is known
for its low memory foot print thanks to using \verb|runit| instead
of \verb|systemd|.  To minimize resource usage and speed up the setup process,
I chose the barebone live image which uses \verb|musl| instead of \verb|glibc|.
At boot, the image uses only \SI{40}{\mega\byte} of memory.

For virtualization, I use \verb|vert-manager|, simply because it is available
in Debian's repository (my host OS).  For some reason, on \verb|amd64|,
the kernel refuses to boot until I give it over \SI{200}{\mega\byte},
but apparently that is still a really modest number.  Networking is provided
to the guest OSes via NAT with default configurations.

It is worth mentioning that through \verb|virtio|, one may use SSH to log into
the guests systems from the host OS.  I find this especially convenient as
it enables me to copy and paste not only commands but also IP addresses between
host and guests as well as between guests.

For convenience, from now on, the outside nodes will be referred to as PC~A and
PC~B, on the other hand the routers are named Router~A and Router~B.  Upon boot,
they were given an Ethernet interface \verb|eth0| with the following addresses
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{c c c}
    \toprule
    Node & MAC & IPv4\\
    \midrule
    Router A & \verb|52:54:00:f0:85:c7| & \verb|192.168.122.127|\\
    Router B & \verb|52:54:00:2b:01:cc| & \verb|192.168.122.134|\\
    PC A & \verb|52:54:00:3b:82:36| & \verb|192.168.122.86|\,\,\,\\
    PC B & \verb|52:54:00:7b:ed:c0| & \verb|192.168.122.255|\\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}

Local IPv6 addresses were also given but we are not going to need them.

\subsection{Teredo Tunnel Setup}
First, I set up a IPv4 tunnel between the two routers:
\begin{verbatim}
# On Router A
ip tunnel add tunn mode sit remote 192.168.122.134 ttl 255
ip link set tunn up
# On Router B
ip tunnel add tunn mode sit remote 192.168.122.127 ttl 255
ip link set tunn up
\end{verbatim}

For this tunnel to be able to act as a Teredo one, the two routers needs
to have IPv6 addresses prefixed by \verb|2001::/32|~\cite{rfc4380}:
\begin{verbatim}
# On Router A
ip -6 addr add 2001:2::1/64 dev eth0
# On Router B
ip -6 addr add 2001:3::1/64 dev eth0
\end{verbatim}

Finally, I fellback all IPv6 lookups to the tunnel and enabled IPv6 forwarding:
\begin{verbatim}
ip -6 route add default dev tunn
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{Teredo Tunnel Usage}
The IPv6 addresses of the PCs were set up as follows
(\verb|0x8067| is \verb|PC| in ASCII)
\begin{verbatim}
# On PC A
ip -6 address add 2001:2::8067/64 dev eth0
# On PC B
ip -6 address add 2001:3::8067/64 dev eth0
\end{verbatim}

By giving both Router~A and PC~A addresses prefixed by \verb|2001:2::/64|
(similarly for Router~B and PC~B), I implied that they can find each other
through the local IPv6 network, for example on PC~B
\begin{verbatim}
$ ip -6 route | head -n1
2001:3::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256 pref medium
\end{verbatim}

To use the newly created tunnel,
the PCs simple had to be routed directly to the routers
\begin{verbatim}
# On PC A
ip -6 route add default via 2001:2::1
# On PC B
ip -6 route add default via 2001:3::1
\end{verbatim}

The connection could then be verified by running on PC~A
\begin{verbatim}
$ traceroute 2001:3::8067
traceroute to 2001:3::8067 (2001:3::8067), 30 hops max, 80 byte packets
 1  2001:2::1 (2001:2::1)  0.572 ms  0.441 ms  0.328 ms
 2  2001:3::1 (2001:3::1)  0.906 ms  0.888 ms  1.049 ms
 3  2001:3::8067 (2001:3::8067)  1.325 ms  1.174 ms  1.091 ms
\end{verbatim}

\section{Analysis}
To gain further understanding on how packets are transferred over
the Teredo tunnel, I captured and took a closer look at some of them.

\subsection{Packets Capturing}
Fortunately for me\footnote{Aside from web browsing, I also run an IPFS node
and a bunch of local servers.  I probably need to retire some of them soon
since they really clutter the traffic.}, all traffic of guests OSes were wired
to an separate interface named \verb|virbr0|.  To capture going through
the tunnel, I simply had to tell Wireshark to listen to the interface,
while letting PC~A ping PC~B though IPv6: \verb|ping -c1 2001:3::8067|.
I then skimmed through the packets sent between the two nodes and looked for
the IPv6-in-IPv4 ones.

\subsection{Packet Contents}
Catured IPv6-in-IPv4 looks exactly like how I would imagined it to be.
The content of the ping request can be partially decoded as follows.

\subsubsection{Ethernet Header}
\paragraph{52 54 00 2b 01 cc} MAC address of Router B (destination)
\paragraph{52 54 00 f0 85 c7} MAC address of Router A (source)
\paragraph{08 00} EtherType of IPv4

\subsubsection{IPv4 Header}
\paragraph{45 00 00 7c 9b 43 40 00 ff} Some flags
\paragraph{29} Protocol of \emph{IPv6}
\paragraph{69 be} Checksum
\paragraph{c0 a8 7a 86} IPv4 address of Router B (destination)
\paragraph{c0 a8 7a 7f} IPv4 address of Router A (source)

\subsubsection{IPv6 Header}
\paragraph{60 00 07 e7 00 40} Some flags
\paragraph{3a} Next header (ICMPv6)
\paragraph{3f} Hop limit of 63
\paragraph{20 01 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 67} PC~A's IPv6 address
\paragraph{20 01 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 67} PC~B's IPv6 address

\subsubsection{ICMPv6}
\paragraph{80} Type of ping request
\paragraph{00 cf be 03 d9 00 01} Some flags
\paragraph{e3 0d fe 5e 00 00 00 00 bc d6 0e 00 00 00
00 00 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d
1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d
2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37} Binary data to be echoed

\section{Conclusion}
Via the activities elaborated above, the procedure to set up a Teredo tunnel
and the content of the packets travelling through it could be well understood.
These understanding may help facilite the adoption of IPv6, even for IPv6 nodes
having no native connection to an IPv6 network.  I hope that the IPv6 will grow
fast enough that I can see the day measures like this tunnel can soon
be deprecated.

\begin{thebibliography}{99}
  \bibitem{rfc8200} C.~Huitema.
    \emph{Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP
          through Network Address Translations (NATs)}.
    Internet Engineering Task Force, February 2006.
    \href{https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4380}{RFC 4380}.
  \bibitem{rfc4380} S.~Deering, R.~Hinden.
    \emph{Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification}.
    Internet Engineering Task Force, July 2017.
    \href{https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8200}{RFC 8200}.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}