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As we said at the end of the previous lesson, black-box testing is

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the testing of the software when we look at it as a black box,

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as a closed box, without looking at it inside, without looking at the

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code. And there are several advantages in

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using black-box testing. So let me recap

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those advantages, some of which we already mentioned, and let me also expand

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on that a little bit. The first advantage of when I mentioned is that

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black box focuses on the domain, on the input domain of the software. And

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as such, we can use it to make sure that we are actually covering

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this domain, that we are actually covering the important behaviors of

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the software. A second advantage is that black box testing does not

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need the code. What that means is that you can perform early

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test design. So you can start designing and writing your test cases,

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even before writing your code, so that when the code is

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ready, we can test it right away. And that helps prevent a

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problem that is very typical in real life software development, which is

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getting an idea of the project and having no time to create

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the tests. In this way, we already have the tests, so

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we just have to run them. Another advantage is that black-box testing

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can catch logic defects, because it focuses on the description of what

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the software should do, and therefore on its logic. If we derive

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test cases from such description, then we can catch these kind of

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problems. And finally, black-box testing is

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applicable at all granularity levels, which

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means that we can use black-box testing in unit testing, integration testing,

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system testing, and so on. We can use it at all levels.