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-rw-r--r--nix/libstore/build.cc462
-rw-r--r--nix/libstore/gc.cc75
-rw-r--r--nix/libstore/globals.cc92
-rw-r--r--nix/libstore/globals.hh26
-rw-r--r--nix/libstore/local-store.cc111
-rw-r--r--nix/libstore/local-store.hh21
-rw-r--r--nix/libstore/optimise-store.cc17
-rw-r--r--nix/libstore/pathlocks.cc2
-rw-r--r--nix/libstore/remote-store.cc48
-rw-r--r--nix/libstore/remote-store.hh34
-rw-r--r--nix/libstore/store-api.hh28
-rw-r--r--nix/libstore/worker-protocol.hh3
12 files changed, 521 insertions, 398 deletions
diff --git a/nix/libstore/build.cc b/nix/libstore/build.cc
index f38cd29940..85a818ba94 100644
--- a/nix/libstore/build.cc
+++ b/nix/libstore/build.cc
@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@
 #if HAVE_SYS_MOUNT_H
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #endif
+#if HAVE_SYS_SYSCALL_H
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#endif
 #if HAVE_SCHED_H
 #include <sched.h>
 #endif
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@
 #include <linux/fs.h>
 #endif
 
-#define CHROOT_ENABLED HAVE_CHROOT && HAVE_UNSHARE && HAVE_SYS_MOUNT_H && defined(MS_BIND) && defined(MS_PRIVATE) && defined(CLONE_NEWNS)
+#define CHROOT_ENABLED HAVE_CHROOT && HAVE_UNSHARE && HAVE_SYS_MOUNT_H && defined(MS_BIND) && defined(MS_PRIVATE) && defined(CLONE_NEWNS) && defined(SYS_pivot_root)
 
 #if CHROOT_ENABLED
 #include <sys/socket.h>
@@ -57,9 +60,8 @@
 #include <netinet/ip.h>
 #endif
 
-#if HAVE_SYS_PERSONALITY_H
+#if __linux__
 #include <sys/personality.h>
-#define CAN_DO_LINUX32_BUILDS
 #endif
 
 #if HAVE_STATVFS
@@ -85,8 +87,12 @@ class Goal;
 typedef std::shared_ptr<Goal> GoalPtr;
 typedef std::weak_ptr<Goal> WeakGoalPtr;
 
+struct CompareGoalPtrs {
+    bool operator() (const GoalPtr & a, const GoalPtr & b);
+};
+
 /* Set of goals. */
-typedef set<GoalPtr> Goals;
+typedef set<GoalPtr, CompareGoalPtrs> Goals;
 typedef list<WeakGoalPtr> WeakGoals;
 
 /* A map of paths to goals (and the other way around). */
@@ -173,11 +179,20 @@ public:
        (important!), etc. */
     virtual void cancel(bool timeout) = 0;
 
+    virtual string key() = 0;
+
 protected:
     void amDone(ExitCode result);
 };
 
 
+bool CompareGoalPtrs::operator() (const GoalPtr & a, const GoalPtr & b) {
+    string s1 = a->key();
+    string s2 = b->key();
+    return s1 < s2;
+}
+
+
 /* A mapping used to remember for each child process to what goal it
    belongs, and file descriptors for receiving log data and output
    path creation commands. */
@@ -238,6 +253,9 @@ public:
        failure). */
     bool permanentFailure;
 
+    /* Set if at least one derivation had a timeout. */
+    bool timedOut;
+
     LocalStore & store;
 
     std::shared_ptr<HookInstance> hook;
@@ -301,6 +319,7 @@ public:
 void addToWeakGoals(WeakGoals & goals, GoalPtr p)
 {
     // FIXME: necessary?
+    // FIXME: O(n)
     foreach (WeakGoals::iterator, i, goals)
         if (i->lock() == p) return;
     goals.push_back(p);
@@ -374,8 +393,6 @@ void Goal::trace(const format & f)
 /* Common initialisation performed in child processes. */
 static void commonChildInit(Pipe & logPipe)
 {
-    restoreAffinity();
-
     /* Put the child in a separate session (and thus a separate
        process group) so that it has no controlling terminal (meaning
        that e.g. ssh cannot open /dev/tty) and it doesn't receive
@@ -400,19 +417,6 @@ static void commonChildInit(Pipe & logPipe)
     close(fdDevNull);
 }
 
-
-/* Convert a string list to an array of char pointers.  Careful: the
-   string list should outlive the array. */
-const char * * strings2CharPtrs(const Strings & ss)
-{
-    const char * * arr = new const char * [ss.size() + 1];
-    const char * * p = arr;
-    foreach (Strings::const_iterator, i, ss) *p++ = i->c_str();
-    *p = 0;
-    return arr;
-}
-
-
 /* Restore default handling of SIGPIPE, otherwise some programs will
    randomly say "Broken pipe". */
 static void restoreSIGPIPE()
@@ -590,7 +594,9 @@ HookInstance::HookInstance()
 {
     debug("starting build hook");
 
-    Path buildHook = absPath(getEnv("NIX_BUILD_HOOK"));
+    Path buildHook = getEnv("NIX_BUILD_HOOK");
+    if (string(buildHook, 0, 1) != "/") buildHook = settings.nixLibexecDir + "/nix/" + buildHook;
+    buildHook = canonPath(buildHook);
 
     /* Create a pipe to get the output of the child. */
     fromHook.create();
@@ -602,44 +608,30 @@ HookInstance::HookInstance()
     builderOut.create();
 
     /* Fork the hook. */
-    pid = maybeVfork();
-    switch (pid) {
-
-    case -1:
-        throw SysError("unable to fork");
+    pid = startProcess([&]() {
 
-    case 0:
-        try { /* child */
+        commonChildInit(fromHook);
 
-            commonChildInit(fromHook);
+        if (chdir("/") == -1) throw SysError("changing into `/");
 
-            if (chdir("/") == -1) throw SysError("changing into `/");
+        /* Dup the communication pipes. */
+        if (dup2(toHook.readSide, STDIN_FILENO) == -1)
+            throw SysError("dupping to-hook read side");
 
-            /* Dup the communication pipes. */
-            if (dup2(toHook.readSide, STDIN_FILENO) == -1)
-                throw SysError("dupping to-hook read side");
+        /* Use fd 4 for the builder's stdout/stderr. */
+        if (dup2(builderOut.writeSide, 4) == -1)
+            throw SysError("dupping builder's stdout/stderr");
 
-            /* Use fd 4 for the builder's stdout/stderr. */
-            if (dup2(builderOut.writeSide, 4) == -1)
-                throw SysError("dupping builder's stdout/stderr");
+        execl(buildHook.c_str(), buildHook.c_str(), settings.thisSystem.c_str(),
+            (format("%1%") % settings.maxSilentTime).str().c_str(),
+            (format("%1%") % settings.printBuildTrace).str().c_str(),
+            (format("%1%") % settings.buildTimeout).str().c_str(),
+            NULL);
 
-            execl(buildHook.c_str(), buildHook.c_str(), settings.thisSystem.c_str(),
-                (format("%1%") % settings.maxSilentTime).str().c_str(),
-                (format("%1%") % settings.printBuildTrace).str().c_str(),
-                (format("%1%") % settings.buildTimeout).str().c_str(),
-                NULL);
+        throw SysError(format("executing `%1%'") % buildHook);
+    });
 
-            throw SysError(format("executing `%1%'") % buildHook);
-
-        } catch (std::exception & e) {
-            writeToStderr("build hook error: " + string(e.what()) + "\n");
-        }
-        _exit(1);
-    }
-
-    /* parent */
     pid.setSeparatePG(true);
-    pid.setKillSignal(SIGTERM);
     fromHook.writeSide.close();
     toHook.readSide.close();
 }
@@ -648,7 +640,8 @@ HookInstance::HookInstance()
 HookInstance::~HookInstance()
 {
     try {
-        pid.kill();
+        toHook.writeSide.close();
+        pid.kill(true);
     } catch (...) {
         ignoreException();
     }
@@ -761,7 +754,7 @@ private:
     typedef void (DerivationGoal::*GoalState)();
     GoalState state;
 
-    /* Stuff we need to pass to initChild(). */
+    /* Stuff we need to pass to runChild(). */
     typedef map<Path, Path> DirsInChroot; // maps target path to source path
     DirsInChroot dirsInChroot;
     typedef map<string, string> Environment;
@@ -784,17 +777,21 @@ private:
        outputs to allow hard links between outputs. */
     InodesSeen inodesSeen;
 
-    /* Magic exit code denoting that setting up the child environment
-       failed.  (It's possible that the child actually returns the
-       exit code, but ah well.) */
-    const static int childSetupFailed = 189;
-
 public:
     DerivationGoal(const Path & drvPath, const StringSet & wantedOutputs, Worker & worker, BuildMode buildMode = bmNormal);
     ~DerivationGoal();
 
     void cancel(bool timeout);
 
+    string key()
+    {
+        /* Ensure that derivations get built in order of their name,
+           i.e. a derivation named "aardvark" always comes before
+           "baboon". And substitution goals always happen before
+           derivation goals (due to "b$"). */
+        return "b$" + storePathToName(drvPath) + "$" + drvPath;
+    }
+
     void work();
 
     Path getDrvPath()
@@ -821,8 +818,8 @@ private:
     /* Start building a derivation. */
     void startBuilder();
 
-    /* Initialise the builder's process. */
-    void initChild();
+    /* Run the builder's process. */
+    void runChild();
 
     friend int childEntry(void *);
 
@@ -879,13 +876,9 @@ DerivationGoal::~DerivationGoal()
 {
     /* Careful: we should never ever throw an exception from a
        destructor. */
-    try {
-        killChild();
-        deleteTmpDir(false);
-        closeLogFile();
-    } catch (...) {
-        ignoreException();
-    }
+    try { killChild(); } catch (...) { ignoreException(); }
+    try { deleteTmpDir(false); } catch (...) { ignoreException(); }
+    try { closeLogFile(); } catch (...) { ignoreException(); }
 }
 
 
@@ -956,6 +949,11 @@ void DerivationGoal::init()
     /* The first thing to do is to make sure that the derivation
        exists.  If it doesn't, it may be created through a
        substitute. */
+    if (buildMode == bmNormal && worker.store.isValidPath(drvPath)) {
+        haveDerivation();
+        return;
+    }
+
     addWaitee(worker.makeSubstitutionGoal(drvPath));
 
     state = &DerivationGoal::haveDerivation;
@@ -1209,7 +1207,7 @@ static string get(const StringPairs & map, const string & key)
 static bool canBuildLocally(const string & platform)
 {
     return platform == settings.thisSystem
-#ifdef CAN_DO_LINUX32_BUILDS
+#if __linux__
         || (platform == "i686-linux" && settings.thisSystem == "x86_64-linux")
 #endif
         ;
@@ -1433,9 +1431,6 @@ void DerivationGoal::buildDone()
                     if (pathExists(chrootRootDir + *i))
                         rename((chrootRootDir + *i).c_str(), i->c_str());
 
-            if (WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == childSetupFailed)
-                throw Error(format("failed to set up the build environment for `%1%'") % drvPath);
-
             if (diskFull)
                 printMsg(lvlError, "note: build failure may have been caused by lack of free disk space");
 
@@ -1469,37 +1464,41 @@ void DerivationGoal::buildDone()
         outputLocks.unlock();
 
     } catch (BuildError & e) {
-        printMsg(lvlError, e.msg());
+        if (!hook)
+            printMsg(lvlError, e.msg());
         outputLocks.unlock();
         buildUser.release();
 
-        /* When using a build hook, the hook will return a remote
-           build failure using exit code 100.  Anything else is a hook
-           problem. */
-        bool hookError = hook &&
-            (!WIFEXITED(status) || WEXITSTATUS(status) != 100);
+        if (hook && WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == 101) {
+            if (settings.printBuildTrace)
+                printMsg(lvlError, format("@ build-failed %1% - timeout") % drvPath);
+            worker.timedOut = true;
+        }
 
-        if (settings.printBuildTrace) {
-            if (hook && hookError)
+        else if (hook && (!WIFEXITED(status) || WEXITSTATUS(status) != 100)) {
+            if (settings.printBuildTrace)
                 printMsg(lvlError, format("@ hook-failed %1% - %2% %3%")
                     % drvPath % status % e.msg());
-            else
+        }
+
+        else {
+            if (settings.printBuildTrace)
                 printMsg(lvlError, format("@ build-failed %1% - %2% %3%")
                     % drvPath % 1 % e.msg());
+            worker.permanentFailure = !fixedOutput && !diskFull;
+
+            /* Register the outputs of this build as "failed" so we
+               won't try to build them again (negative caching).
+               However, don't do this for fixed-output derivations,
+               since they're likely to fail for transient reasons
+               (e.g., fetchurl not being able to access the network).
+               Hook errors (like communication problems with the
+               remote machine) shouldn't be cached either. */
+            if (settings.cacheFailure && !fixedOutput && !diskFull)
+                foreach (DerivationOutputs::iterator, i, drv.outputs)
+                    worker.store.registerFailedPath(i->second.path);
         }
 
-        /* Register the outputs of this build as "failed" so we won't
-           try to build them again (negative caching).  However, don't
-           do this for fixed-output derivations, since they're likely
-           to fail for transient reasons (e.g., fetchurl not being
-           able to access the network).  Hook errors (like
-           communication problems with the remote machine) shouldn't
-           be cached either. */
-        if (settings.cacheFailure && !hookError && !fixedOutput)
-            foreach (DerivationOutputs::iterator, i, drv.outputs)
-                worker.store.registerFailedPath(i->second.path);
-
-        worker.permanentFailure = !hookError && !fixedOutput && !diskFull;
         amDone(ecFailed);
         return;
     }
@@ -1603,7 +1602,7 @@ void chmod_(const Path & path, mode_t mode)
 
 int childEntry(void * arg)
 {
-    ((DerivationGoal *) arg)->initChild();
+    ((DerivationGoal *) arg)->runChild();
     return 1;
 }
 
@@ -1750,37 +1749,11 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
 
         /* Change ownership of the temporary build directory. */
         if (chown(tmpDir.c_str(), buildUser.getUID(), buildUser.getGID()) == -1)
-            throw SysError(format("cannot change ownership of `%1%'") % tmpDir);
+            throw SysError(format("cannot change ownership of '%1%'") % tmpDir);
+    }
 
-        /* Check that the Nix store has the appropriate permissions,
-           i.e., owned by root and mode 1775 (sticky bit on so that
-           the builder can create its output but not mess with the
-           outputs of other processes). */
-        struct stat st;
-        if (stat(settings.nixStore.c_str(), &st) == -1)
-            throw SysError(format("cannot stat `%1%'") % settings.nixStore);
-        if (!(st.st_mode & S_ISVTX) ||
-            ((st.st_mode & S_IRWXG) != S_IRWXG) ||
-            (st.st_gid != buildUser.getGID()))
-            throw Error(format(
-                "builder does not have write permission to `%2%'; "
-                "try `chgrp %1% %2%; chmod 1775 %2%'")
-                % buildUser.getGID() % settings.nixStore);
-    }
-
-
-    /* Are we doing a chroot build?  Note that fixed-output
-       derivations are never done in a chroot, mainly so that
-       functions like fetchurl (which needs a proper /etc/resolv.conf)
-       work properly.  Purity checking for fixed-output derivations
-       is somewhat pointless anyway. */
     useChroot = settings.useChroot;
 
-    if (fixedOutput) useChroot = false;
-
-    /* Hack to allow derivations to disable chroot builds. */
-    if (get(drv.env, "__noChroot") == "1") useChroot = false;
-
     if (useChroot) {
 #if CHROOT_ENABLED
         /* Create a temporary directory in which we set up the chroot
@@ -1795,6 +1768,12 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
 
         printMsg(lvlChatty, format("setting up chroot environment in `%1%'") % chrootRootDir);
 
+        if (mkdir(chrootRootDir.c_str(), 0750) == -1)
+            throw SysError(format("cannot create ‘%1%’") % chrootRootDir);
+
+        if (chown(chrootRootDir.c_str(), 0, buildUser.getGID()) == -1)
+            throw SysError(format("cannot change ownership of ‘%1%’") % chrootRootDir);
+
         /* Create a writable /tmp in the chroot.  Many builders need
            this.  (Of course they should really respect $TMPDIR
            instead.) */
@@ -1821,16 +1800,20 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
                 % (buildUser.enabled() ? buildUser.getGID() : getgid())).str());
 
         /* Create /etc/hosts with localhost entry. */
-        writeFile(chrootRootDir + "/etc/hosts", "127.0.0.1 localhost\n");
+        if (!fixedOutput)
+            writeFile(chrootRootDir + "/etc/hosts", "127.0.0.1 localhost\n");
 
         /* Bind-mount a user-configurable set of directories from the
            host file system. */
-        foreach (StringSet::iterator, i, settings.dirsInChroot) {
-            size_t p = i->find('=');
+        PathSet dirs = tokenizeString<StringSet>(settings.get("build-chroot-dirs", string(DEFAULT_CHROOT_DIRS)));
+        PathSet dirs2 = tokenizeString<StringSet>(settings.get("build-extra-chroot-dirs", string("")));
+        dirs.insert(dirs2.begin(), dirs2.end());
+        for (auto & i : dirs) {
+            size_t p = i.find('=');
             if (p == string::npos)
-                dirsInChroot[*i] = *i;
+                dirsInChroot[i] = i;
             else
-                dirsInChroot[string(*i, 0, p)] = string(*i, p + 1);
+                dirsInChroot[string(i, 0, p)] = string(i, p + 1);
         }
         dirsInChroot[tmpDir] = tmpDir;
 
@@ -1841,8 +1824,12 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
            can be bind-mounted).  !!! As an extra security
            precaution, make the fake Nix store only writable by the
            build user. */
-        createDirs(chrootRootDir + settings.nixStore);
-        chmod_(chrootRootDir + settings.nixStore, 01777);
+        Path chrootStoreDir = chrootRootDir + settings.nixStore;
+        createDirs(chrootStoreDir);
+        chmod_(chrootStoreDir, 01775);
+
+        if (chown(chrootStoreDir.c_str(), 0, buildUser.getGID()) == -1)
+            throw SysError(format("cannot change ownership of ‘%1%’") % chrootStoreDir);
 
         foreach (PathSet::iterator, i, inputPaths) {
             struct stat st;
@@ -1951,14 +1938,17 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
     */
 #if CHROOT_ENABLED
     if (useChroot) {
-        char stack[32 * 1024];
-        pid = clone(childEntry, stack + sizeof(stack) - 8,
-            CLONE_NEWPID | CLONE_NEWNS | CLONE_NEWNET | CLONE_NEWIPC | CLONE_NEWUTS | SIGCHLD, this);
+	char stack[32 * 1024];
+	int flags = CLONE_NEWPID | CLONE_NEWNS | CLONE_NEWIPC | CLONE_NEWUTS | SIGCHLD;
+	if (!fixedOutput) flags |= CLONE_NEWNET;
+	pid = clone(childEntry, stack + sizeof(stack) - 8, flags, this);
+	if (pid == -1)
+	    throw SysError("cloning builder process");
     } else
 #endif
     {
         pid = fork();
-        if (pid == 0) initChild();
+        if (pid == 0) runChild();
     }
 
     if (pid == -1) throw SysError("unable to fork");
@@ -1969,22 +1959,31 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
     worker.childStarted(shared_from_this(), pid,
         singleton<set<int> >(builderOut.readSide), true, true);
 
+    /* Check if setting up the build environment failed. */
+    string msg = readLine(builderOut.readSide);
+    if (!msg.empty()) throw Error(msg);
+
     if (settings.printBuildTrace) {
         printMsg(lvlError, format("@ build-started %1% - %2% %3%")
             % drvPath % drv.platform % logFile);
     }
+
 }
 
 
-void DerivationGoal::initChild()
+void DerivationGoal::runChild()
 {
     /* Warning: in the child we should absolutely not make any SQLite
        calls! */
 
-    bool inSetup = true;
-
     try { /* child */
 
+        _writeToStderr = 0;
+
+        restoreAffinity();
+
+        commonChildInit(builderOut);
+
 #if CHROOT_ENABLED
         if (useChroot) {
             /* Initialise the loopback interface. */
@@ -2001,9 +2000,11 @@ void DerivationGoal::initChild()
 
             /* Set the hostname etc. to fixed values. */
             char hostname[] = "localhost";
-            sethostname(hostname, sizeof(hostname));
+            if (sethostname(hostname, sizeof(hostname)) == -1)
+                throw SysError("cannot set host name");
             char domainname[] = "(none)"; // kernel default
-            setdomainname(domainname, sizeof(domainname));
+            if (setdomainname(domainname, sizeof(domainname)) == -1)
+                throw SysError("cannot set domain name");
 
             /* Make all filesystems private.  This is necessary
                because subtrees may have been mounted as "shared"
@@ -2021,12 +2022,17 @@ void DerivationGoal::initChild()
                     throw SysError(format("unable to make filesystem `%1%' private") % fs);
             }
 
+            /* Bind-mount chroot directory to itself, to treat it as a
+               different filesystem from /, as needed for pivot_root. */
+            if (mount(chrootRootDir.c_str(), chrootRootDir.c_str(), 0, MS_BIND, 0) == -1)
+                throw SysError(format("unable to bind mount ‘%1%’") % chrootRootDir);
+
             /* Set up a nearly empty /dev, unless the user asked to
                bind-mount the host /dev. */
+            Strings ss;
             if (dirsInChroot.find("/dev") == dirsInChroot.end()) {
                 createDirs(chrootRootDir + "/dev/shm");
                 createDirs(chrootRootDir + "/dev/pts");
-                Strings ss;
                 ss.push_back("/dev/full");
 #ifdef __linux__
                 if (pathExists("/dev/kvm"))
@@ -2037,13 +2043,24 @@ void DerivationGoal::initChild()
                 ss.push_back("/dev/tty");
                 ss.push_back("/dev/urandom");
                 ss.push_back("/dev/zero");
-                foreach (Strings::iterator, i, ss) dirsInChroot[*i] = *i;
                 createSymlink("/proc/self/fd", chrootRootDir + "/dev/fd");
                 createSymlink("/proc/self/fd/0", chrootRootDir + "/dev/stdin");
                 createSymlink("/proc/self/fd/1", chrootRootDir + "/dev/stdout");
                 createSymlink("/proc/self/fd/2", chrootRootDir + "/dev/stderr");
             }
 
+            /* Fixed-output derivations typically need to access the
+               network, so give them access to /etc/resolv.conf and so
+               on. */
+            if (fixedOutput) {
+                ss.push_back("/etc/resolv.conf");
+                ss.push_back("/etc/nsswitch.conf");
+                ss.push_back("/etc/services");
+                ss.push_back("/etc/hosts");
+            }
+
+            for (auto & i : ss) dirsInChroot[i] = i;
+
             /* Bind-mount all the directories from the "host"
                filesystem that we want in the chroot
                environment. */
@@ -2088,30 +2105,41 @@ void DerivationGoal::initChild()
                     throw SysError("mounting /dev/pts");
                 createSymlink("/dev/pts/ptmx", chrootRootDir + "/dev/ptmx");
 
-		/* Make sure /dev/pts/ptmx is world-writable.  With some
-		   Linux versions, it is created with permissions 0.  */
-		chmod_(chrootRootDir + "/dev/pts/ptmx", 0666);
+                /* Make sure /dev/pts/ptmx is world-writable.  With some
+                   Linux versions, it is created with permissions 0.  */
+                chmod_(chrootRootDir + "/dev/pts/ptmx", 0666);
             }
 
-            /* Do the chroot().  Below we do a chdir() to the
-               temporary build directory to make sure the current
-               directory is in the chroot.  (Actually the order
-               doesn't matter, since due to the bind mount tmpDir and
-               tmpRootDit/tmpDir are the same directories.) */
-            if (chroot(chrootRootDir.c_str()) == -1)
-                throw SysError(format("cannot change root directory to `%1%'") % chrootRootDir);
+            /* Do the chroot(). */
+            if (chdir(chrootRootDir.c_str()) == -1)
+                throw SysError(format("cannot change directory to '%1%'") % chrootRootDir);
+
+            if (mkdir("real-root", 0) == -1)
+                throw SysError("cannot create real-root directory");
+
+#define pivot_root(new_root, put_old) (syscall(SYS_pivot_root, new_root, put_old))
+            if (pivot_root(".", "real-root") == -1)
+                throw SysError(format("cannot pivot old root directory onto '%1%'") % (chrootRootDir + "/real-root"));
+#undef pivot_root
+
+            if (chroot(".") == -1)
+                throw SysError(format("cannot change root directory to '%1%'") % chrootRootDir);
+
+            if (umount2("real-root", MNT_DETACH) == -1)
+                throw SysError("cannot unmount real root filesystem");
+
+            if (rmdir("real-root") == -1)
+                throw SysError("cannot remove real-root directory");
         }
 #endif
 
-        commonChildInit(builderOut);
-
         if (chdir(tmpDir.c_str()) == -1)
             throw SysError(format("changing into `%1%'") % tmpDir);
 
         /* Close all other file descriptors. */
         closeMostFDs(set<int>());
 
-#ifdef CAN_DO_LINUX32_BUILDS
+#if __linux__
         /* Change the personality to 32-bit if we're doing an
            i686-linux build on an x86_64-linux machine. */
         struct utsname utsbuf;
@@ -2119,7 +2147,7 @@ void DerivationGoal::initChild()
         if (drv.platform == "i686-linux" &&
             (settings.thisSystem == "x86_64-linux" ||
              (!strcmp(utsbuf.sysname, "Linux") && !strcmp(utsbuf.machine, "x86_64")))) {
-            if (personality(0x0008 | 0x8000000 /* == PER_LINUX32_3GB */) == -1)
+            if (personality(PER_LINUX32) == -1)
                 throw SysError("cannot set i686-linux personality");
         }
 
@@ -2129,17 +2157,18 @@ void DerivationGoal::initChild()
             int cur = personality(0xffffffff);
             if (cur != -1) personality(cur | 0x0020000 /* == UNAME26 */);
         }
+
+        /* Disable address space randomization for improved
+           determinism. */
+        int cur = personality(0xffffffff);
+        if (cur != -1) personality(cur | ADDR_NO_RANDOMIZE);
 #endif
 
         /* Fill in the environment. */
         Strings envStrs;
         foreach (Environment::const_iterator, i, env)
             envStrs.push_back(rewriteHashes(i->first + "=" + i->second, rewritesToTmp));
-        const char * * envArr = strings2CharPtrs(envStrs);
-
-        Path program = drv.builder.c_str();
-        std::vector<const char *> args; /* careful with c_str()! */
-        string user; /* must be here for its c_str()! */
+        auto envArr = stringsToCharPtrs(envStrs);
 
         /* If we are running in `build-users' mode, then switch to the
            user we allocated above.  Make sure that we drop all root
@@ -2165,23 +2194,26 @@ void DerivationGoal::initChild()
         }
 
         /* Fill in the arguments. */
+        Strings args;
         string builderBasename = baseNameOf(drv.builder);
-        args.push_back(builderBasename.c_str());
+        args.push_back(builderBasename);
         foreach (Strings::iterator, i, drv.args)
-            args.push_back(rewriteHashes(*i, rewritesToTmp).c_str());
-        args.push_back(0);
+            args.push_back(rewriteHashes(*i, rewritesToTmp));
+        auto argArr = stringsToCharPtrs(args);
 
         restoreSIGPIPE();
 
+        /* Indicate that we managed to set up the build environment. */
+        writeFull(STDERR_FILENO, "\n");
+
         /* Execute the program.  This should not return. */
-        inSetup = false;
-        execve(program.c_str(), (char * *) &args[0], (char * *) envArr);
+        execve(drv.builder.c_str(), (char * *) &argArr[0], (char * *) &envArr[0]);
 
         throw SysError(format("executing `%1%'") % drv.builder);
 
     } catch (std::exception & e) {
-        writeToStderr("build error: " + string(e.what()) + "\n");
-        _exit(inSetup ? childSetupFailed : 1);
+        writeFull(STDERR_FILENO, "while setting up the build environment: " + string(e.what()) + "\n");
+        _exit(1);
     }
 
     abort(); /* never reached */
@@ -2333,7 +2365,7 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
         if (buildMode == bmCheck) {
             ValidPathInfo info = worker.store.queryPathInfo(path);
             if (hash.first != info.hash)
-                throw Error(format("derivation `%2%' may not be deterministic: hash mismatch in output `%1%'") % drvPath % path);
+                throw Error(format("derivation `%1%' may not be deterministic: hash mismatch in output `%2%'") % drvPath % path);
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -2347,16 +2379,36 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
                 debug(format("referenced input: `%1%'") % *i);
         }
 
-        /* If the derivation specifies an `allowedReferences'
-           attribute (containing a list of paths that the output may
-           refer to), check that all references are in that list.  !!!
-           allowedReferences should really be per-output. */
-        if (drv.env.find("allowedReferences") != drv.env.end()) {
-            PathSet allowed = parseReferenceSpecifiers(drv, get(drv.env, "allowedReferences"));
-            foreach (PathSet::iterator, i, references)
-                if (allowed.find(*i) == allowed.end())
-                    throw BuildError(format("output is not allowed to refer to path `%1%'") % *i);
-        }
+        /* Enforce `allowedReferences' and friends. */
+        auto checkRefs = [&](const string & attrName, bool allowed, bool recursive) {
+            if (drv.env.find(attrName) == drv.env.end()) return;
+
+            PathSet spec = parseReferenceSpecifiers(drv, get(drv.env, attrName));
+
+            PathSet used;
+            if (recursive) {
+                /* Our requisites are the union of the closures of our references. */
+                for (auto & i : references)
+                    /* Don't call computeFSClosure on ourselves. */
+                    if (actualPath != i)
+                        computeFSClosure(worker.store, i, used);
+            } else
+                used = references;
+
+            for (auto & i : used)
+                if (allowed) {
+                    if (spec.find(i) == spec.end())
+                        throw BuildError(format("output (`%1%') is not allowed to refer to path `%2%'") % actualPath % i);
+                } else {
+                    if (spec.find(i) != spec.end())
+                        throw BuildError(format("output (`%1%') is not allowed to refer to path `%2%'") % actualPath % i);
+                }
+        };
+
+        checkRefs("allowedReferences", true, false);
+        checkRefs("allowedRequisites", true, true);
+        checkRefs("disallowedReferences", false, false);
+        checkRefs("disallowedRequisites", false, true);
 
         worker.store.optimisePath(path); // FIXME: combine with scanForReferences()
 
@@ -2475,7 +2527,7 @@ void DerivationGoal::handleChildOutput(int fd, const string & data)
             BZ2_bzWrite(&err, bzLogFile, (unsigned char *) data.data(), data.size());
             if (err != BZ_OK) throw Error(format("cannot write to compressed log file (BZip2 error = %1%)") % err);
         } else if (fdLogFile != -1)
-            writeFull(fdLogFile, (unsigned char *) data.data(), data.size());
+            writeFull(fdLogFile, data);
     }
 
     if (hook && fd == hook->fromHook.readSide)
@@ -2586,6 +2638,13 @@ public:
 
     void cancel(bool timeout);
 
+    string key()
+    {
+        /* "a$" ensures substitution goals happen before derivation
+           goals. */
+        return "a$" + storePathToName(storePath) + "$" + storePath;
+    }
+
     void work();
 
     /* The states. */
@@ -2778,35 +2837,21 @@ void SubstitutionGoal::tryToRun()
     args.push_back("--substitute");
     args.push_back(storePath);
     args.push_back(destPath);
-    const char * * argArr = strings2CharPtrs(args);
+    auto argArr = stringsToCharPtrs(args);
 
     /* Fork the substitute program. */
-    pid = maybeVfork();
-
-    switch (pid) {
+    pid = startProcess([&]() {
 
-    case -1:
-        throw SysError("unable to fork");
+        commonChildInit(logPipe);
 
-    case 0:
-        try { /* child */
+        if (dup2(outPipe.writeSide, STDOUT_FILENO) == -1)
+            throw SysError("cannot dup output pipe into stdout");
 
-            commonChildInit(logPipe);
+        execv(sub.c_str(), (char * *) &argArr[0]);
 
-            if (dup2(outPipe.writeSide, STDOUT_FILENO) == -1)
-                throw SysError("cannot dup output pipe into stdout");
+        throw SysError(format("executing `%1%'") % sub);
+    });
 
-            execv(sub.c_str(), (char * *) argArr);
-
-            throw SysError(format("executing `%1%'") % sub);
-
-        } catch (std::exception & e) {
-            writeToStderr("substitute error: " + string(e.what()) + "\n");
-        }
-        _exit(1);
-    }
-
-    /* parent */
     pid.setSeparatePG(true);
     pid.setKillSignal(SIGTERM);
     outPipe.writeSide.close();
@@ -2944,6 +2989,7 @@ Worker::Worker(LocalStore & store)
     nrLocalBuilds = 0;
     lastWokenUp = 0;
     permanentFailure = false;
+    timedOut = false;
 }
 
 
@@ -3109,15 +3155,19 @@ void Worker::run(const Goals & _topGoals)
 
         checkInterrupt();
 
-        /* Call every wake goal. */
+        /* Call every wake goal (in the ordering established by
+           CompareGoalPtrs). */
         while (!awake.empty() && !topGoals.empty()) {
-            WeakGoals awake2(awake);
+            Goals awake2;
+            for (auto & i : awake) {
+                GoalPtr goal = i.lock();
+                if (goal) awake2.insert(goal);
+            }
             awake.clear();
-            foreach (WeakGoals::iterator, i, awake2) {
+            for (auto & goal : awake2) {
                 checkInterrupt();
-                GoalPtr goal = i->lock();
-                if (goal) goal->work();
-                if (topGoals.empty()) break;
+                goal->work();
+                if (topGoals.empty()) break; // stuff may have been cancelled
             }
         }
 
@@ -3255,6 +3305,7 @@ void Worker::waitForInput()
                 format("%1% timed out after %2% seconds of silence")
                 % goal->getName() % settings.maxSilentTime);
             goal->cancel(true);
+            timedOut = true;
         }
 
         else if (goal->getExitCode() == Goal::ecBusy &&
@@ -3266,6 +3317,7 @@ void Worker::waitForInput()
                 format("%1% timed out after %2% seconds")
                 % goal->getName() % settings.buildTimeout);
             goal->cancel(true);
+            timedOut = true;
         }
     }
 
@@ -3282,7 +3334,7 @@ void Worker::waitForInput()
 
 unsigned int Worker::exitStatus()
 {
-    return permanentFailure ? 100 : 1;
+    return timedOut ? 101 : (permanentFailure ? 100 : 1);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/nix/libstore/gc.cc b/nix/libstore/gc.cc
index f90edac1cd..34768324c2 100644
--- a/nix/libstore/gc.cc
+++ b/nix/libstore/gc.cc
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Path addPermRoot(StoreAPI & store, const Path & _storePath,
                 "(are you running nix-build inside the store?)") % gcRoot);
 
     if (indirect) {
-        /* Don't clobber the the link if it already exists and doesn't
+        /* Don't clobber the link if it already exists and doesn't
            point to the Nix store. */
         if (pathExists(gcRoot) && (!isLink(gcRoot) || !isInStore(readLink(gcRoot))))
             throw Error(format("cannot create symlink `%1%'; already exists") % gcRoot);
@@ -115,7 +115,10 @@ Path addPermRoot(StoreAPI & store, const Path & _storePath,
                     % gcRoot % rootsDir);
         }
 
-        makeSymlink(gcRoot, storePath);
+        if (baseNameOf(gcRoot) == baseNameOf(storePath))
+            writeFile(gcRoot, "");
+        else
+            makeSymlink(gcRoot, storePath);
     }
 
     /* Check that the root can be found by the garbage collector.
@@ -142,11 +145,6 @@ Path addPermRoot(StoreAPI & store, const Path & _storePath,
 }
 
 
-/* The file to which we write our temporary roots. */
-static Path fnTempRoots;
-static AutoCloseFD fdTempRoots;
-
-
 void LocalStore::addTempRoot(const Path & path)
 {
     /* Create the temporary roots file for this process. */
@@ -193,7 +191,7 @@ void LocalStore::addTempRoot(const Path & path)
     lockFile(fdTempRoots, ltWrite, true);
 
     string s = path + '\0';
-    writeFull(fdTempRoots, (const unsigned char *) s.data(), s.size());
+    writeFull(fdTempRoots, s);
 
     /* Downgrade to a read lock. */
     debug(format("downgrading to read lock on `%1%'") % fnTempRoots);
@@ -201,27 +199,6 @@ void LocalStore::addTempRoot(const Path & path)
 }
 
 
-void removeTempRoots()
-{
-    if (fdTempRoots != -1) {
-        fdTempRoots.close();
-        unlink(fnTempRoots.c_str());
-    }
-}
-
-
-/* Automatically clean up the temporary roots file when we exit. */
-struct RemoveTempRoots
-{
-    ~RemoveTempRoots()
-    {
-        removeTempRoots();
-    }
-};
-
-static RemoveTempRoots autoRemoveTempRoots __attribute__((unused));
-
-
 typedef std::shared_ptr<AutoCloseFD> FDPtr;
 typedef list<FDPtr> FDs;
 
@@ -230,11 +207,11 @@ static void readTempRoots(PathSet & tempRoots, FDs & fds)
 {
     /* Read the `temproots' directory for per-process temporary root
        files. */
-    Strings tempRootFiles = readDirectory(
+    DirEntries tempRootFiles = readDirectory(
         (format("%1%/%2%") % settings.nixStateDir % tempRootsDir).str());
 
-    foreach (Strings::iterator, i, tempRootFiles) {
-        Path path = (format("%1%/%2%/%3%") % settings.nixStateDir % tempRootsDir % *i).str();
+    for (auto & i : tempRootFiles) {
+        Path path = (format("%1%/%2%/%3%") % settings.nixStateDir % tempRootsDir % i.name).str();
 
         debug(format("reading temporary root file `%1%'") % path);
         FDPtr fd(new AutoCloseFD(open(path.c_str(), O_RDWR, 0666)));
@@ -254,7 +231,7 @@ static void readTempRoots(PathSet & tempRoots, FDs & fds)
         if (lockFile(*fd, ltWrite, false)) {
             printMsg(lvlError, format("removing stale temporary roots file `%1%'") % path);
             unlink(path.c_str());
-            writeFull(*fd, (const unsigned char *) "d", 1);
+            writeFull(*fd, "d");
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -294,19 +271,19 @@ static void foundRoot(StoreAPI & store,
 }
 
 
-static void findRoots(StoreAPI & store, const Path & path, Roots & roots)
+static void findRoots(StoreAPI & store, const Path & path, unsigned char type, Roots & roots)
 {
     try {
 
-        struct stat st = lstat(path);
+        if (type == DT_UNKNOWN)
+            type = getFileType(path);
 
-        if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-            Strings names = readDirectory(path);
-            foreach (Strings::iterator, i, names)
-                findRoots(store, path + "/" + *i, roots);
+        if (type == DT_DIR) {
+            for (auto & i : readDirectory(path))
+                findRoots(store, path + "/" + i.name, i.type, roots);
         }
 
-        else if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
+        else if (type == DT_LNK) {
             Path target = readLink(path);
             if (isInStore(target))
                 foundRoot(store, path, target, roots);
@@ -328,6 +305,12 @@ static void findRoots(StoreAPI & store, const Path & path, Roots & roots)
             }
         }
 
+        else if (type == DT_REG) {
+            Path storePath = settings.nixStore + "/" + baseNameOf(path);
+            if (store.isValidPath(storePath))
+                roots[path] = storePath;
+        }
+
     }
 
     catch (SysError & e) {
@@ -345,9 +328,10 @@ Roots LocalStore::findRoots()
     Roots roots;
 
     /* Process direct roots in {gcroots,manifests,profiles}. */
-    nix::findRoots(*this, settings.nixStateDir + "/" + gcRootsDir, roots);
-    nix::findRoots(*this, settings.nixStateDir + "/manifests", roots);
-    nix::findRoots(*this, settings.nixStateDir + "/profiles", roots);
+    nix::findRoots(*this, settings.nixStateDir + "/" + gcRootsDir, DT_UNKNOWN, roots);
+    if (pathExists(settings.nixStateDir + "/manifests"))
+        nix::findRoots(*this, settings.nixStateDir + "/manifests", DT_UNKNOWN, roots);
+    nix::findRoots(*this, settings.nixStateDir + "/profiles", DT_UNKNOWN, roots);
 
     return roots;
 }
@@ -449,7 +433,6 @@ void LocalStore::deletePathRecursive(GCState & state, const Path & path)
         // if the path was not valid, need to determine the actual
         // size.
         state.bytesInvalidated += size;
-        // Mac OS X cannot rename directories if they are read-only.
         if (chmod(path.c_str(), st.st_mode | S_IWUSR) == -1)
             throw SysError(format("making `%1%' writable") % path);
         Path tmp = state.trashDir + "/" + baseNameOf(path);
@@ -649,7 +632,7 @@ void LocalStore::collectGarbage(const GCOptions & options, GCResults & results)
 
     /* After this point the set of roots or temporary roots cannot
        increase, since we hold locks on everything.  So everything
-       that is not reachable from `roots'. */
+       that is not reachable from `roots' is garbage. */
 
     if (state.shouldDelete) {
         if (pathExists(state.trashDir)) deleteGarbage(state, state.trashDir);
@@ -741,7 +724,7 @@ void LocalStore::collectGarbage(const GCOptions & options, GCResults & results)
     }
 
     /* While we're at it, vacuum the database. */
-    if (options.action == GCOptions::gcDeleteDead) vacuumDB();
+    //if (options.action == GCOptions::gcDeleteDead) vacuumDB();
 }
 
 
diff --git a/nix/libstore/globals.cc b/nix/libstore/globals.cc
index 86fa56739c..bb08a7d0b0 100644
--- a/nix/libstore/globals.cc
+++ b/nix/libstore/globals.cc
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "globals.hh"
 #include "util.hh"
+#include "archive.hh"
 
 #include <map>
 #include <algorithm>
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ Settings::Settings()
     envKeepDerivations = false;
     lockCPU = getEnv("NIX_AFFINITY_HACK", "1") == "1";
     showTrace = false;
+    enableImportNative = false;
 }
 
 
@@ -112,35 +114,61 @@ void Settings::set(const string & name, const string & value)
 }
 
 
+string Settings::get(const string & name, const string & def)
+{
+    auto i = settings.find(name);
+    if (i == settings.end()) return def;
+    return i->second;
+}
+
+
+Strings Settings::get(const string & name, const Strings & def)
+{
+    auto i = settings.find(name);
+    if (i == settings.end()) return def;
+    return tokenizeString<Strings>(i->second);
+}
+
+
+bool Settings::get(const string & name, bool def)
+{
+    bool res = def;
+    _get(res, name);
+    return res;
+}
+
+
 void Settings::update()
 {
-    get(tryFallback, "build-fallback");
-    get(maxBuildJobs, "build-max-jobs");
-    get(buildCores, "build-cores");
-    get(thisSystem, "system");
-    get(maxSilentTime, "build-max-silent-time");
-    get(buildTimeout, "build-timeout");
-    get(reservedSize, "gc-reserved-space");
-    get(fsyncMetadata, "fsync-metadata");
-    get(useSQLiteWAL, "use-sqlite-wal");
-    get(syncBeforeRegistering, "sync-before-registering");
-    get(useSubstitutes, "build-use-substitutes");
-    get(buildUsersGroup, "build-users-group");
-    get(useChroot, "build-use-chroot");
-    get(dirsInChroot, "build-chroot-dirs");
-    get(impersonateLinux26, "build-impersonate-linux-26");
-    get(keepLog, "build-keep-log");
-    get(compressLog, "build-compress-log");
-    get(maxLogSize, "build-max-log-size");
-    get(cacheFailure, "build-cache-failure");
-    get(pollInterval, "build-poll-interval");
-    get(checkRootReachability, "gc-check-reachability");
-    get(gcKeepOutputs, "gc-keep-outputs");
-    get(gcKeepDerivations, "gc-keep-derivations");
-    get(autoOptimiseStore, "auto-optimise-store");
-    get(envKeepDerivations, "env-keep-derivations");
-    get(sshSubstituterHosts, "ssh-substituter-hosts");
-    get(useSshSubstituter, "use-ssh-substituter");
+    _get(tryFallback, "build-fallback");
+    _get(maxBuildJobs, "build-max-jobs");
+    _get(buildCores, "build-cores");
+    _get(thisSystem, "system");
+    _get(maxSilentTime, "build-max-silent-time");
+    _get(buildTimeout, "build-timeout");
+    _get(reservedSize, "gc-reserved-space");
+    _get(fsyncMetadata, "fsync-metadata");
+    _get(useSQLiteWAL, "use-sqlite-wal");
+    _get(syncBeforeRegistering, "sync-before-registering");
+    _get(useSubstitutes, "build-use-substitutes");
+    _get(buildUsersGroup, "build-users-group");
+    _get(useChroot, "build-use-chroot");
+    _get(impersonateLinux26, "build-impersonate-linux-26");
+    _get(keepLog, "build-keep-log");
+    _get(compressLog, "build-compress-log");
+    _get(maxLogSize, "build-max-log-size");
+    _get(cacheFailure, "build-cache-failure");
+    _get(pollInterval, "build-poll-interval");
+    _get(checkRootReachability, "gc-check-reachability");
+    _get(gcKeepOutputs, "gc-keep-outputs");
+    _get(gcKeepDerivations, "gc-keep-derivations");
+    _get(autoOptimiseStore, "auto-optimise-store");
+    _get(envKeepDerivations, "env-keep-derivations");
+    _get(sshSubstituterHosts, "ssh-substituter-hosts");
+    _get(useSshSubstituter, "use-ssh-substituter");
+    _get(logServers, "log-servers");
+    _get(enableImportNative, "allow-unsafe-native-code-during-evaluation");
+    _get(useCaseHack, "use-case-hack");
 
     string subs = getEnv("NIX_SUBSTITUTERS", "default");
     if (subs == "default") {
@@ -158,7 +186,7 @@ void Settings::update()
 }
 
 
-void Settings::get(string & res, const string & name)
+void Settings::_get(string & res, const string & name)
 {
     SettingsMap::iterator i = settings.find(name);
     if (i == settings.end()) return;
@@ -166,7 +194,7 @@ void Settings::get(string & res, const string & name)
 }
 
 
-void Settings::get(bool & res, const string & name)
+void Settings::_get(bool & res, const string & name)
 {
     SettingsMap::iterator i = settings.find(name);
     if (i == settings.end()) return;
@@ -177,7 +205,7 @@ void Settings::get(bool & res, const string & name)
 }
 
 
-void Settings::get(StringSet & res, const string & name)
+void Settings::_get(StringSet & res, const string & name)
 {
     SettingsMap::iterator i = settings.find(name);
     if (i == settings.end()) return;
@@ -186,7 +214,7 @@ void Settings::get(StringSet & res, const string & name)
     res.insert(ss.begin(), ss.end());
 }
 
-void Settings::get(Strings & res, const string & name)
+void Settings::_get(Strings & res, const string & name)
 {
     SettingsMap::iterator i = settings.find(name);
     if (i == settings.end()) return;
@@ -194,7 +222,7 @@ void Settings::get(Strings & res, const string & name)
 }
 
 
-template<class N> void Settings::get(N & res, const string & name)
+template<class N> void Settings::_get(N & res, const string & name)
 {
     SettingsMap::iterator i = settings.find(name);
     if (i == settings.end()) return;
diff --git a/nix/libstore/globals.hh b/nix/libstore/globals.hh
index 711c365294..c17e10d7c3 100644
--- a/nix/libstore/globals.hh
+++ b/nix/libstore/globals.hh
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ struct Settings {
 
     void set(const string & name, const string & value);
 
+    string get(const string & name, const string & def);
+
+    Strings get(const string & name, const Strings & def);
+
+    bool get(const string & name, bool def);
+
     void update();
 
     string pack();
@@ -142,10 +148,6 @@ struct Settings {
     /* Whether to build in chroot. */
     bool useChroot;
 
-    /* The directories from the host filesystem to be included in the
-       chroot. */
-    StringSet dirsInChroot;
-
     /* Set of ssh connection strings for the ssh substituter */
     Strings sshSubstituterHosts;
 
@@ -197,14 +199,20 @@ struct Settings {
     /* Whether to show a stack trace if Nix evaluation fails. */
     bool showTrace;
 
+    /* A list of URL prefixes that can return Nix build logs. */
+    Strings logServers;
+
+    /* Whether the importNative primop should be enabled */
+    bool enableImportNative;
+
 private:
     SettingsMap settings, overrides;
 
-    void get(string & res, const string & name);
-    void get(bool & res, const string & name);
-    void get(StringSet & res, const string & name);
-    void get(Strings & res, const string & name);
-    template<class N> void get(N & res, const string & name);
+    void _get(string & res, const string & name);
+    void _get(bool & res, const string & name);
+    void _get(StringSet & res, const string & name);
+    void _get(Strings & res, const string & name);
+    template<class N> void _get(N & res, const string & name);
 };
 
 
diff --git a/nix/libstore/local-store.cc b/nix/libstore/local-store.cc
index 2c3d65215c..630cb80c41 100644
--- a/nix/libstore/local-store.cc
+++ b/nix/libstore/local-store.cc
@@ -254,22 +254,25 @@ LocalStore::LocalStore(bool reserveSpace)
         Path perUserDir = profilesDir + "/per-user";
         createDirs(perUserDir);
         if (chmod(perUserDir.c_str(), 01777) == -1)
-            throw SysError(format("could not set permissions on `%1%' to 1777") % perUserDir);
+            throw SysError(format("could not set permissions on '%1%' to 1777") % perUserDir);
+
+        mode_t perm = 01775;
 
         struct group * gr = getgrnam(settings.buildUsersGroup.c_str());
         if (!gr)
             throw Error(format("the group `%1%' specified in `build-users-group' does not exist")
                 % settings.buildUsersGroup);
-
-        struct stat st;
-        if (stat(settings.nixStore.c_str(), &st))
-            throw SysError(format("getting attributes of path `%1%'") % settings.nixStore);
-
-        if (st.st_uid != 0 || st.st_gid != gr->gr_gid || (st.st_mode & ~S_IFMT) != 01775) {
-            if (chown(settings.nixStore.c_str(), 0, gr->gr_gid) == -1)
-                throw SysError(format("changing ownership of path `%1%'") % settings.nixStore);
-            if (chmod(settings.nixStore.c_str(), 01775) == -1)
-                throw SysError(format("changing permissions on path `%1%'") % settings.nixStore);
+        else {
+            struct stat st;
+            if (stat(settings.nixStore.c_str(), &st))
+                throw SysError(format("getting attributes of path '%1%'") % settings.nixStore);
+
+            if (st.st_uid != 0 || st.st_gid != gr->gr_gid || (st.st_mode & ~S_IFMT) != perm) {
+                if (chown(settings.nixStore.c_str(), 0, gr->gr_gid) == -1)
+                    throw SysError(format("changing ownership of path '%1%'") % settings.nixStore);
+                if (chmod(settings.nixStore.c_str(), perm) == -1)
+                    throw SysError(format("changing permissions on path '%1%'") % settings.nixStore);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -358,7 +361,17 @@ LocalStore::~LocalStore()
             i->second.to.close();
             i->second.from.close();
             i->second.error.close();
-            i->second.pid.wait(true);
+            if (i->second.pid != -1)
+                i->second.pid.wait(true);
+        }
+    } catch (...) {
+        ignoreException();
+    }
+
+    try {
+        if (fdTempRoots != -1) {
+            fdTempRoots.close();
+            unlink(fnTempRoots.c_str());
         }
     } catch (...) {
         ignoreException();
@@ -489,7 +502,7 @@ void LocalStore::makeStoreWritable()
         if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNS) == -1)
             throw SysError("setting up a private mount namespace");
 
-        if (mount(0, settings.nixStore.c_str(), 0, MS_REMOUNT | MS_BIND, 0) == -1)
+        if (mount(0, settings.nixStore.c_str(), "none", MS_REMOUNT | MS_BIND, 0) == -1)
             throw SysError(format("remounting %1% writable") % settings.nixStore);
     }
 #endif
@@ -551,9 +564,9 @@ static void canonicalisePathMetaData_(const Path & path, uid_t fromUid, InodesSe
     if (lstat(path.c_str(), &st))
         throw SysError(format("getting attributes of path `%1%'") % path);
 
-    /* Really make sure that the path is of a supported type.  This
-       has already been checked in dumpPath(). */
-    assert(S_ISREG(st.st_mode) || S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) || S_ISLNK(st.st_mode));
+    /* Really make sure that the path is of a supported type. */
+    if (!(S_ISREG(st.st_mode) || S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) || S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)))
+        throw Error(format("file ‘%1%’ has an unsupported type") % path);
 
     /* Fail if the file is not owned by the build user.  This prevents
        us from messing up the ownership/permissions of files
@@ -593,9 +606,9 @@ static void canonicalisePathMetaData_(const Path & path, uid_t fromUid, InodesSe
     }
 
     if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-        Strings names = readDirectory(path);
-        foreach (Strings::iterator, i, names)
-            canonicalisePathMetaData_(path + "/" + *i, fromUid, inodesSeen);
+        DirEntries entries = readDirectory(path);
+        for (auto & i : entries)
+            canonicalisePathMetaData_(path + "/" + i.name, fromUid, inodesSeen);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1083,31 +1096,16 @@ void LocalStore::startSubstituter(const Path & substituter, RunningSubstituter &
 
     setSubstituterEnv();
 
-    run.pid = maybeVfork();
-
-    switch (run.pid) {
-
-    case -1:
-        throw SysError("unable to fork");
-
-    case 0: /* child */
-        try {
-            restoreAffinity();
-            if (dup2(toPipe.readSide, STDIN_FILENO) == -1)
-                throw SysError("dupping stdin");
-            if (dup2(fromPipe.writeSide, STDOUT_FILENO) == -1)
-                throw SysError("dupping stdout");
-            if (dup2(errorPipe.writeSide, STDERR_FILENO) == -1)
-                throw SysError("dupping stderr");
-            execl(substituter.c_str(), substituter.c_str(), "--query", NULL);
-            throw SysError(format("executing `%1%'") % substituter);
-        } catch (std::exception & e) {
-            std::cerr << "error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
-        }
-        _exit(1);
-    }
-
-    /* Parent. */
+    run.pid = startProcess([&]() {
+        if (dup2(toPipe.readSide, STDIN_FILENO) == -1)
+            throw SysError("dupping stdin");
+        if (dup2(fromPipe.writeSide, STDOUT_FILENO) == -1)
+            throw SysError("dupping stdout");
+        if (dup2(errorPipe.writeSide, STDERR_FILENO) == -1)
+            throw SysError("dupping stderr");
+        execl(substituter.c_str(), substituter.c_str(), "--query", NULL);
+        throw SysError(format("executing `%1%'") % substituter);
+    });
 
     run.program = baseNameOf(substituter);
     run.to = toPipe.writeSide.borrow();
@@ -1171,7 +1169,7 @@ string LocalStore::getLineFromSubstituter(RunningSubstituter & run)
             while (((p = err.find('\n')) != string::npos)
 		   || ((p = err.find('\r')) != string::npos)) {
 	        string thing(err, 0, p + 1);
-	        writeToStderr(run.program + ": " + thing);
+		writeToStderr(run.program + ": " + thing);
                 err = string(err, p + 1);
             }
         }
@@ -1409,7 +1407,7 @@ Path LocalStore::addToStoreFromDump(const string & dump, const string & name,
 }
 
 
-Path LocalStore::addToStore(const Path & _srcPath,
+Path LocalStore::addToStore(const string & name, const Path & _srcPath,
     bool recursive, HashType hashAlgo, PathFilter & filter, bool repair)
 {
     Path srcPath(absPath(_srcPath));
@@ -1424,7 +1422,7 @@ Path LocalStore::addToStore(const Path & _srcPath,
     else
         sink.s = readFile(srcPath);
 
-    return addToStoreFromDump(sink.s, baseNameOf(srcPath), recursive, hashAlgo, repair);
+    return addToStoreFromDump(sink.s, name, recursive, hashAlgo, repair);
 }
 
 
@@ -1503,7 +1501,8 @@ void LocalStore::exportPath(const Path & path, bool sign,
 {
     assertStorePath(path);
 
-    addTempRoot(path);
+    printMsg(lvlInfo, format("exporting path `%1%'") % path);
+
     if (!isValidPath(path))
         throw Error(format("path `%1%' is not valid") % path);
 
@@ -1613,8 +1612,6 @@ Path LocalStore::importPath(bool requireSignature, Source & source)
 
     Path dstPath = readStorePath(hashAndReadSource);
 
-    printMsg(lvlInfo, format("importing path `%1%'") % dstPath);
-
     PathSet references = readStorePaths<PathSet>(hashAndReadSource);
 
     Path deriver = readString(hashAndReadSource);
@@ -1747,8 +1744,8 @@ bool LocalStore::verifyStore(bool checkContents, bool repair)
     /* Acquire the global GC lock to prevent a garbage collection. */
     AutoCloseFD fdGCLock = openGCLock(ltWrite);
 
-    Paths entries = readDirectory(settings.nixStore);
-    PathSet store(entries.begin(), entries.end());
+    PathSet store;
+    for (auto & i : readDirectory(settings.nixStore)) store.insert(i.name);
 
     /* Check whether all valid paths actually exist. */
     printMsg(lvlInfo, "checking path existence...");
@@ -1898,9 +1895,8 @@ void LocalStore::markContentsGood(const Path & path)
 PathSet LocalStore::queryValidPathsOld()
 {
     PathSet paths;
-    Strings entries = readDirectory(settings.nixDBPath + "/info");
-    foreach (Strings::iterator, i, entries)
-        if (i->at(0) != '.') paths.insert(settings.nixStore + "/" + *i);
+    for (auto & i : readDirectory(settings.nixDBPath + "/info"))
+        if (i.name.at(0) != '.') paths.insert(settings.nixStore + "/" + i.name);
     return paths;
 }
 
@@ -1987,9 +1983,8 @@ static void makeMutable(const Path & path)
     if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && !S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) return;
 
     if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-        Strings names = readDirectory(path);
-        foreach (Strings::iterator, i, names)
-            makeMutable(path + "/" + *i);
+        for (auto & i : readDirectory(path))
+            makeMutable(path + "/" + i.name);
     }
 
     /* The O_NOFOLLOW is important to prevent us from changing the
diff --git a/nix/libstore/local-store.hh b/nix/libstore/local-store.hh
index 54331e448a..819f59327a 100644
--- a/nix/libstore/local-store.hh
+++ b/nix/libstore/local-store.hh
@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <string>
+#include <unordered_set>
 
 #include "store-api.hh"
 #include "util.hh"
 #include "pathlocks.hh"
 
-#if HAVE_TR1_UNORDERED_SET
-#include <tr1/unordered_set>
-#endif
-
-
 
 class sqlite3;
 class sqlite3_stmt;
@@ -134,7 +130,7 @@ public:
     void querySubstitutablePathInfos(const PathSet & paths,
         SubstitutablePathInfos & infos);
 
-    Path addToStore(const Path & srcPath,
+    Path addToStore(const string & name, const Path & srcPath,
         bool recursive = true, HashType hashAlgo = htSHA256,
         PathFilter & filter = defaultPathFilter, bool repair = false);
 
@@ -171,6 +167,9 @@ public:
        files with the same contents. */
     void optimiseStore(OptimiseStats & stats);
 
+    /* Generic variant of the above method.  */
+    void optimiseStore();
+
     /* Optimise a single store path. */
     void optimisePath(const Path & path);
 
@@ -245,6 +244,10 @@ private:
 
     bool didSetSubstituterEnv;
 
+    /* The file to which we write our temporary roots. */
+    Path fnTempRoots;
+    AutoCloseFD fdTempRoots;
+
     int getSchema();
 
     void openDB(bool create);
@@ -306,11 +309,7 @@ private:
 
     void checkDerivationOutputs(const Path & drvPath, const Derivation & drv);
 
-#if HAVE_TR1_UNORDERED_SET
-    typedef std::tr1::unordered_set<ino_t> InodeHash;
-#else
-    typedef std::set<ino_t> InodeHash;
-#endif
+    typedef std::unordered_set<ino_t> InodeHash;
 
     InodeHash loadInodeHash();
     Strings readDirectoryIgnoringInodes(const Path & path, const InodeHash & inodeHash);
diff --git a/nix/libstore/optimise-store.cc b/nix/libstore/optimise-store.cc
index 67ee94a4bd..c62b8e451b 100644
--- a/nix/libstore/optimise-store.cc
+++ b/nix/libstore/optimise-store.cc
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "local-store.hh"
 #include "globals.hh"
 
+#include <cstdlib>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -225,6 +226,22 @@ void LocalStore::optimiseStore(OptimiseStats & stats)
     }
 }
 
+static string showBytes(unsigned long long bytes)
+{
+    return (format("%.2f MiB") % (bytes / (1024.0 * 1024.0))).str();
+}
+
+void LocalStore::optimiseStore()
+{
+    OptimiseStats stats;
+
+    optimiseStore(stats);
+
+    printMsg(lvlError,
+        format("%1% freed by hard-linking %2% files")
+        % showBytes(stats.bytesFreed)
+        % stats.filesLinked);
+}
 
 void LocalStore::optimisePath(const Path & path)
 {
diff --git a/nix/libstore/pathlocks.cc b/nix/libstore/pathlocks.cc
index b858ed238d..830858ff8d 100644
--- a/nix/libstore/pathlocks.cc
+++ b/nix/libstore/pathlocks.cc
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ void deleteLockFile(const Path & path, int fd)
        other processes waiting on this lock that the lock is stale
        (deleted). */
     unlink(path.c_str());
-    writeFull(fd, (const unsigned char *) "d", 1);
+    writeFull(fd, "d");
     /* Note that the result of unlink() is ignored; removing the lock
        file is an optimisation, not a necessity. */
 }
diff --git a/nix/libstore/remote-store.cc b/nix/libstore/remote-store.cc
index 4619206932..0539bbe127 100644
--- a/nix/libstore/remote-store.cc
+++ b/nix/libstore/remote-store.cc
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 
 #include <iostream>
@@ -87,8 +88,7 @@ void RemoteStore::openConnection(bool reserveSpace)
         processStderr();
     }
     catch (Error & e) {
-        throw Error(format("cannot start worker (%1%)")
-            % e.msg());
+        throw Error(format("cannot start daemon worker: %1%") % e.msg());
     }
 
     setOptions();
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ void RemoteStore::connectToDaemon()
        applications... */
     AutoCloseFD fdPrevDir = open(".", O_RDONLY);
     if (fdPrevDir == -1) throw SysError("couldn't open current directory");
-    chdir(dirOf(socketPath).c_str());
+    if (chdir(dirOf(socketPath).c_str()) == -1) throw SysError(format("couldn't change to directory of ‘%1%’") % socketPath);
     Path socketPathRel = "./" + baseNameOf(socketPath);
 
     struct sockaddr_un addr;
@@ -133,8 +133,6 @@ RemoteStore::~RemoteStore()
     try {
         to.flush();
         fdSocket.close();
-        if (child != -1)
-            child.wait(true);
     } catch (...) {
         ignoreException();
     }
@@ -387,7 +385,7 @@ Path RemoteStore::queryPathFromHashPart(const string & hashPart)
 }
 
 
-Path RemoteStore::addToStore(const Path & _srcPath,
+Path RemoteStore::addToStore(const string & name, const Path & _srcPath,
     bool recursive, HashType hashAlgo, PathFilter & filter, bool repair)
 {
     if (repair) throw Error("repairing is not supported when building through the Nix daemon");
@@ -397,13 +395,28 @@ Path RemoteStore::addToStore(const Path & _srcPath,
     Path srcPath(absPath(_srcPath));
 
     writeInt(wopAddToStore, to);
-    writeString(baseNameOf(srcPath), to);
+    writeString(name, to);
     /* backwards compatibility hack */
     writeInt((hashAlgo == htSHA256 && recursive) ? 0 : 1, to);
     writeInt(recursive ? 1 : 0, to);
     writeString(printHashType(hashAlgo), to);
-    dumpPath(srcPath, to, filter);
-    processStderr();
+
+    try {
+        to.written = 0;
+        to.warn = true;
+        dumpPath(srcPath, to, filter);
+        to.warn = false;
+        processStderr();
+    } catch (SysError & e) {
+        /* Daemon closed while we were sending the path. Probably OOM
+           or I/O error. */
+        if (e.errNo == EPIPE)
+            try {
+                processStderr();
+            } catch (EndOfFile & e) { }
+        throw;
+    }
+
     return readStorePath(from);
 }
 
@@ -564,6 +577,23 @@ void RemoteStore::clearFailedPaths(const PathSet & paths)
     readInt(from);
 }
 
+void RemoteStore::optimiseStore()
+{
+    openConnection();
+    writeInt(wopOptimiseStore, to);
+    processStderr();
+    readInt(from);
+}
+
+bool RemoteStore::verifyStore(bool checkContents, bool repair)
+{
+    openConnection();
+    writeInt(wopVerifyStore, to);
+    writeInt(checkContents, to);
+    writeInt(repair, to);
+    processStderr();
+    return readInt(from) != 0;
+}
 
 void RemoteStore::processStderr(Sink * sink, Source * source)
 {
diff --git a/nix/libstore/remote-store.hh b/nix/libstore/remote-store.hh
index 04b60fce4b..030120db40 100644
--- a/nix/libstore/remote-store.hh
+++ b/nix/libstore/remote-store.hh
@@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ public:
     RemoteStore();
 
     ~RemoteStore();
-    
+
     /* Implementations of abstract store API methods. */
-    
+
     bool isValidPath(const Path & path);
 
     PathSet queryValidPaths(const PathSet & paths);
-    
+
     PathSet queryAllValidPaths();
-    
+
     ValidPathInfo queryPathInfo(const Path & path);
 
     Hash queryPathHash(const Path & path);
@@ -39,21 +39,21 @@ public:
     void queryReferrers(const Path & path, PathSet & referrers);
 
     Path queryDeriver(const Path & path);
-    
+
     PathSet queryValidDerivers(const Path & path);
 
     PathSet queryDerivationOutputs(const Path & path);
-    
+
     StringSet queryDerivationOutputNames(const Path & path);
 
     Path queryPathFromHashPart(const string & hashPart);
-    
+
     PathSet querySubstitutablePaths(const PathSet & paths);
-    
+
     void querySubstitutablePathInfos(const PathSet & paths,
         SubstitutablePathInfos & infos);
-    
-    Path addToStore(const Path & srcPath,
+
+    Path addToStore(const string & name, const Path & srcPath,
         bool recursive = true, HashType hashAlgo = htSHA256,
         PathFilter & filter = defaultPathFilter, bool repair = false);
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ public:
         Sink & sink);
 
     Paths importPaths(bool requireSignature, Source & source);
-    
+
     void buildPaths(const PathSet & paths, BuildMode buildMode);
 
     void ensurePath(const Path & path);
@@ -72,22 +72,24 @@ public:
     void addTempRoot(const Path & path);
 
     void addIndirectRoot(const Path & path);
-    
+
     void syncWithGC();
-    
+
     Roots findRoots();
 
     void collectGarbage(const GCOptions & options, GCResults & results);
-    
+
     PathSet queryFailedPaths();
 
     void clearFailedPaths(const PathSet & paths);
-    
+
+    void optimiseStore();
+
+    bool verifyStore(bool checkContents, bool repair);
 private:
     AutoCloseFD fdSocket;
     FdSink to;
     FdSource from;
-    Pid child;
     unsigned int daemonVersion;
     bool initialised;
 
diff --git a/nix/libstore/store-api.hh b/nix/libstore/store-api.hh
index b635fee2cf..3764f3e542 100644
--- a/nix/libstore/store-api.hh
+++ b/nix/libstore/store-api.hh
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ struct GCOptions
 };
 
 
-struct GCResults 
+struct GCResults
 {
     /* Depending on the action, the GC roots, or the paths that would
        be or have been deleted. */
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ struct SubstitutablePathInfo
 typedef std::map<Path, SubstitutablePathInfo> SubstitutablePathInfos;
 
 
-struct ValidPathInfo 
+struct ValidPathInfo
 {
     Path path;
     Path deriver;
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ typedef list<ValidPathInfo> ValidPathInfos;
 enum BuildMode { bmNormal, bmRepair, bmCheck };
 
 
-class StoreAPI 
+class StoreAPI
 {
 public:
 
     virtual ~StoreAPI() { }
 
-    /* Check whether a path is valid. */ 
+    /* Check whether a path is valid. */
     virtual bool isValidPath(const Path & path) = 0;
 
     /* Query which of the given paths is valid. */
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ public:
     /* Query information about a valid path. */
     virtual ValidPathInfo queryPathInfo(const Path & path) = 0;
 
-    /* Query the hash of a valid path. */ 
+    /* Query the hash of a valid path. */
     virtual Hash queryPathHash(const Path & path) = 0;
 
     /* Query the set of outgoing FS references for a store path.  The
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ public:
     /* Query the full store path given the hash part of a valid store
        path, or "" if the path doesn't exist. */
     virtual Path queryPathFromHashPart(const string & hashPart) = 0;
-    
+
     /* Query which of the given paths have substitutes. */
     virtual PathSet querySubstitutablePaths(const PathSet & paths) = 0;
 
@@ -159,12 +159,12 @@ public:
        info, it's omitted from the resulting ‘infos’ map. */
     virtual void querySubstitutablePathInfos(const PathSet & paths,
         SubstitutablePathInfos & infos) = 0;
-    
+
     /* Copy the contents of a path to the store and register the
        validity the resulting path.  The resulting path is returned.
        The function object `filter' can be used to exclude files (see
        libutil/archive.hh). */
-    virtual Path addToStore(const Path & srcPath,
+    virtual Path addToStore(const string & name, const Path & srcPath,
         bool recursive = true, HashType hashAlgo = htSHA256,
         PathFilter & filter = defaultPathFilter, bool repair = false) = 0;
 
@@ -250,6 +250,14 @@ public:
        `nix-store --register-validity'. */
     string makeValidityRegistration(const PathSet & paths,
         bool showDerivers, bool showHash);
+
+    /* Optimise the disk space usage of the Nix store by hard-linking files
+       with the same contents. */
+    virtual void optimiseStore() = 0;
+
+    /* Check the integrity of the Nix store.  Returns true if errors
+       remain. */
+    virtual bool verifyStore(bool checkContents, bool repair) = 0;
 };
 
 
@@ -263,7 +271,7 @@ bool isStorePath(const Path & path);
 
 /* Extract the name part of the given store path. */
 string storePathToName(const Path & path);
-    
+
 void checkStoreName(const string & name);
 
 
@@ -284,7 +292,7 @@ Path followLinksToStorePath(const Path & path);
 /* Constructs a unique store path name. */
 Path makeStorePath(const string & type,
     const Hash & hash, const string & name);
-    
+
 Path makeOutputPath(const string & id,
     const Hash & hash, const string & name);
 
diff --git a/nix/libstore/worker-protocol.hh b/nix/libstore/worker-protocol.hh
index 9317f89c37..d037d7402e 100644
--- a/nix/libstore/worker-protocol.hh
+++ b/nix/libstore/worker-protocol.hh
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ namespace nix {
 
 
 typedef enum {
-    wopQuit = 0,
     wopIsValidPath = 1,
     wopHasSubstitutes = 3,
     wopQueryPathHash = 4,
@@ -43,6 +42,8 @@ typedef enum {
     wopQueryValidPaths = 31,
     wopQuerySubstitutablePaths = 32,
     wopQueryValidDerivers = 33,
+    wopOptimiseStore = 34,
+    wopVerifyStore = 35
 } WorkerOp;