1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
|
===========================
QBE Intermediate Language
===========================
- Table of Contents
-------------------
1. <@ Basic Concepts >
* <@ Sigils >
2. <@ Types >
* <@ Simple Types >
* <@ Subtyping >
3. <@ Definitions >
* <@ Aggregate Types >
* <@ Data >
* <@ Functions >
4. Control
* Blocks
* Instructions
* Jumps
5. Immediate Constants
* Semantics
* Floating Sugar
6. Integer Instructions
* Arithmetic
* Memory
* Comparisons
7. Floating Point Instructions
* Arithmetic
* Memory
* Comparisons
8. Special Instructions
* Conversions and Extensions
* Casts
* Phis
- 1. Basic Concepts
-------------------
~ Sigils
~~~~~~~~
All user defined names are prefixed with a sigil. This is
to avoid keyword conflicts, and also to quickly spot the
scope and kind of an identifier.
* `:` Aggregate types, see <@ Aggregate Types >.
* `$` File-scope symbols.
* `%` Function-scope temporaries.
- 2. Types
----------
~ Simple Types
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[BNF]
BASETY := 'w' | 'l' | 's' | 'd' # Base types
EXTTY := BASETY | 'h' | 'b' # Extended types
We makes very minimal use of types. The types used are only
what is necessary for unambiguous compilation to machine
code and C interfacing.
The four base types are `w` (word), `l` (long), `s` (single),
and `d` (double), they stand respectively for 32 bits and
64 bits integers, and 32 bits and 64 bits floating points.
Values in the IR can only have a basic type.
Extended types contain base types and add `h` (half word)
and `b` (byte), for respectively 16 bits and 8 bits integers.
They are used in <@ Aggregate Types> and <@ Data> definitions.
The IL also provides user-defined aggregate types, these are
used for C interfacing. The syntax used to designate them is
`:foo`. Details about their definition are given in the
<@ Aggregate Types > section.
~ Subtyping
~~~~~~~~~~~
The IL has a minimal subtyping feature for integer types.
Any value of type `l` can be used in a `w` context. When that
happens only the 32 least significant bits of the word value
are used.
Note that a long value must not be used in word context.
The rationale is that the 32 high bits of the extended long
value could very well be zeroes or the result of a sign
extension of the word.
- 3. Definitions
----------------
An IL file is composed of a sequence of top-level definitions.
Definitions are of three types: Aggregate type definitions,
global data, and function definitions. Aggregate types
always have file scope, data and functions can be exported
by prefixing the `export` keyword to their definitions.
~ Aggregate Types
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[BNF]
TYPEDEF :=
# Regular type
'type' :IDNT '=' [ 'align' NUMBER ]
'{'
( EXTTY [ NUMBER ] ),
[ ',' ] # Optional trailing ,
'}'
| # Opaque type
'type' :IDNT '=' 'align' NUMBER '{' NUMBER '}'
Aggregate type definitions start with the `type` keyword.
The inner structure of a type is expressed by a comma
separated list of <@ Simple Types> enclosed in curly braces.
type :fourfloats = { s, s, d, d }
For ease of generation, a trailing comma is tolerated by
the parser. In case many items of the same type are
sequenced (like in a C array), the sorter array syntax
can be used.
type :abyteandmanywords = { b, w 100 }
By default, the alignment of an aggregate type is the
biggest alignment of its members. The alignment can be
explicitely specified by the programmer
Opaque types are used when the inner structure of an
aggregate cannot be specified, the alignment for opaque
types is mandatory. They are defined by simply enclosing
their size between curly braces.
type :opaque = align 16 { 32 }
~ Data
~~~~~~
[BNF]
DATADEF :=
['export'] 'data' $IDNT '='
'{'
( EXTTY DATAITEM+
| 'z' NUMBER ),
[ ',' ] # Optional trailing ,
'}'
DATAITEM :=
$IDNT [ '+' NUMBER ] # Symbol and offset
| '"' ... '"' # String
| IMMEDIATE # Immediate
Data definitions define objects that will be emitted in the
compiled file. They can be local to the file or exported
with global visibility to the whole program.
They define a global identifier (starting with the sigil
`$`), that will contain a pointer to the object specified
within curly braces.
Objects are described by a sequence of fields that start with
a type letter. This letter can either be an extended type,
or the `z` letter.
If the letter used is an extended type, the data item
following specifies the bits to be stored in the field.
When several data items follow a letter, they initialize
multiple fields of the same size.
The members of a struct will be packed. This means that
padding has to be emitted by the frontend when necessary.
Alignment of the whole data objects can be manually specified,
when no alignment is provided, the maximum alignment of the
platform is used.
When the `z` letter is used the number following indicates
the size of the field, the contents of the field are zero
initialized. It can be used to add padding between fields
or zero-initialize big arrays.
Here are various examples of data definitions.
# Three 32 bits values 1, 2, and 3
# followed by a 0 byte.
data $a = { w 1 2 3, b 0 }
# A thousand bytes 0 initialized.
data $b = { z 1000 }
# An object containing two 64 bits
# fields, one with all bits sets and the
# other containing a pointer to the
# object itself.
data $c = { l -1, l $c }
~ Functions
~~~~~~~~~~~
[BNF]
FUNCDEF :=
['export'] 'function' [BASETY | :IDNT] $IDNT PARAMS
'{'
BLOCK+
'}'
PARAMS :=
'(' ( (BASETY | :IDNT) %IDNT ), ')'
Function definitions contain the actual code to emit in
the compiled file. They define a global symbol that can
be exported or not. There is no need for function
declarations, like in C, because all global symbols in
one program are defined mutually recursive.
|
