+++ rss = "Teredo tunnel simulation in virtual machines" date = Date(2020, 7, 3) tags = ["fun", "recipe", "net"] +++ # Teredo Tunnel Simulation Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the most recent version of the Internet Protocol, was developed by the IETF to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. Despite being superior to IPv4 in multiple aspect (e.g. larger address space, extension headers), IPv6 has not been widely adopted, although it has been semi-standardized in 1998 and fully-standardized in 2017.[^rfc8200] During the transition period, teredo tunneling has been used to give IPv6 connectivity for IPv6-capable hosts that are on the IPv4 Internet but have no native connection to an IPv6 network.[^rfc4380] In this article, I will demontrate a way to set up such tunnel up on virtual machines, then examine the packets being sent by IPv6 nodes connected by the tunnel. \toc ## Configuration ~~~
Screenshot
Teredo Tunnel Simulation Speedrun
~~~ ### Virtual Machines In order to simulate Teredo tunneling, one needs two IPv6 nodes and two routers with both IPv4 and IPv6 access. In total, there needs to be four virtual machines to be set up, thus I went for Void Linux, which is known for its low memory foot print thanks to using `runit` instead of `systemd`. To minimize resource usage and speed up the setup process, I chose the barebone live image which uses `musl` instead of `glibc`. At boot, the image uses only 40 MB of memory. For virtualization, I used `vert-manager`, simply because it is available in Debian's repository (my host OS). For some reason, on `amd64`, the kernel refuses to boot until I give it over 200 MB, but apparently that is still a really modest number. Networking is provided to the guest OSes via NAT with default configurations. It is worth mentioning that through `virtio`, one may use SSH to log into the guests systems from the host OS. I find this especially convenient as it enables me to copy and paste not only commands but also IP addresses between host and guests as well as between guests. For convenience, from now on, the outside nodes will be referred to as PC A and PC B, on the other hand the routers are named Router A and Router B. Upon boot, they were given an Ethernet interface `eth0` with the following addresses. | Node | MAC address | IPv4 address | | :------- | :------------------ | :---------------- | | Router A | `52:54:00:f0:85:c7` | `192.168.122.127` | | Router B | `52:54:00:2b:01:cc` | `192.168.122.134` | | PC A | `52:54:00:3b:82:36` | `192.168.122.86` | | PC B | `52:54:00:7b:ed:c0` | `192.168.122.255` | Local IPv6 addresses were also given but we are not going to need them. ### Teredo Tunnel Setup First, I set up a IPv4 tunnel between the two routers: ```sh # On Router A ip tunnel add tunn mode sit remote 192.168.122.134 ttl 255 ip link set tunn up # On Router B ip tunnel add tunn mode sit remote 192.168.122.127 ttl 255 ip link set tunn up ``` For this tunnel to be able to act as a Teredo one, the two routers needs to have IPv6 addresses prefixed by `2001::/32`.[^rfc4380] ```sh # On Router A ip -6 addr add 2001:2::1/64 dev eth0 # On Router B ip -6 addr add 2001:3::1/64 dev eth0 ``` Finally, I fellback all IPv6 lookups to the tunnel and enabled IPv6 forwarding: ```sh ip -6 route add default dev tunn sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1 ``` ### Teredo Tunnel Usage The IPv6 addresses of the PCs were set up as follows (`0x8067` is `PC` in ASCII). ```sh # On PC A ip -6 address add 2001:2::8067/64 dev eth0 # On PC B ip -6 address add 2001:3::8067/64 dev eth0 ``` By giving both Router A and PC A addresses prefixed by `2001:2::/64` (similarly for Router B and PC B), I implied that they can find each other through the local IPv6 network, for example on PC B: ```console $ ip -6 route | head -n1 2001:3::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256 pref medium ``` To use the newly created tunnel, the PCs simple had to be routed directly to the routers: ```sh # On PC A ip -6 route add default via 2001:2::1 # On PC B ip -6 route add default via 2001:3::1 ``` The connection could then be verified by running on PC A: ```console $ traceroute 2001:3::8067 traceroute to 2001:3::8067 (2001:3::8067), 30 hops max, 80 byte packets 1 2001:2::1 (2001:2::1) 0.572 ms 0.441 ms 0.328 ms 2 2001:3::1 (2001:3::1) 0.906 ms 0.888 ms 1.049 ms 3 2001:3::8067 (2001:3::8067) 1.325 ms 1.174 ms 1.091 ms ``` ## Analysis To gain further understanding on how packets are transferred over the Teredo tunnel, I captured and took a closer look at some of them. ### Packets Capturing Fortunately for me[^ipfs], all traffic of guests OSes were wired to an separate interface named `virbr0`. To capture going through the tunnel, I simply had to tell Wireshark to listen to the interface, while letting PC A ping PC B though IPv6: `ping -c1 2001:3::8067`. I then skimmed through the packets sent between the two nodes and looked for the IPv6-in-IPv4 ones. ### Packet Contents Catured IPv6-in-IPv4 looks exactly like how I would imagined it to be. The content of the ping request can be partially decoded as follows. #### Ethernet Header * `52 54 00 2b 01 cc`: MAC address of Router B (destination) * `52 54 00 f0 85 c7`: MAC address of Router A (source) * `08 00`: EtherType of IPv4 #### IPv4 Header * `45 00 00 7c 9b 43 40 00 ff`: Some flags * `29`: Protocol of *IPv6* * `69 be`: Checksum * `c0 a8 7a 86`: IPv4 address of Router B (destination) * `c0 a8 7a 7f`: IPv4 address of Router A (source) #### IPv6 Header * `60 00 07 e7 00 40`: Some flags * `3a`: Next header (ICMPv6) * `3f`: Hop limit of 63 * `20 01 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 67`: PC A's IPv6 address * `20 01 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 67`: PC B's IPv6 address #### ICMPv6 * `80`: Type of ping request * `00 cf be 03 d9 00 01`: Some flags * `e3 0d fe 5e 00 00 00 00 bc d6 0e 00 00 00 00 00 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37`: Binary data to be echoed ## Conclusion Via the activities elaborated above, the procedure to set up a Teredo tunnel and the content of the packets travelling through it could be well understood. These understanding may help facilite the adoption of IPv6, even for IPv6 nodes having no native connection to an IPv6 network. I hope that the IPv6 will grow fast enough that I can see the day measures like this tunnel can soon be deprecated. [^rfc8200]: [RFC 8200](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8200) [^rfc4380]: [RFC 4380](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4380) [^ipfs]: Aside from web browsing, I also run an IPFS node and a bunch of local servers. I probably need to retire some of them soon since they really clutter the traffic.