# Parts of speech

## Nouns
### Nominal phrases

1. Head noun
2. Totality
3. Quantifier/Number
4. Classifier
5. Attributive modifiers
6. Demonstrative
7. Prepositional phrase

## Pronoun
### Neutral

Neutral pronouns are similar to how they are in English.  It is however mainly
used in formal speech or formal writing.  Using it on an one-on-one
conversation implies either unfriendliness or distance.

| Person | Pronoun |
|--------|---------|
| 1st    | hwa     |
| 2nd    | ti      |
| 3rd    | nu      |

Neutral pronouns can be pluralized by numerals and quantifiers as if they are
nouns.  Note that first plural personal pronoun is always exclusive.

### Familiar

Gendered pronouns are chiefly used among people who are equal and close to one
another, but not blood-related.

| Person | Neutral | Neutral (familiar) | Male (familiar) | Female (familiar) |
|--------|---------|--------------------|-----------------|-------------------|
| 1st    | min     | dwi                | na              | mì                |
| 2nd    | hon     | hja                | san             | kun               |
| 3rd    | hàn     | mù                 | ba              | njan              |

### Hierarchical

There are not many non-familial hierarchies in Zì community, but the contrast
in such relationships is showed clearly via pronouns.  These pronouns lack
third person pronoun.
Hierarchical pronouns comes in pair, with one in the higher position and one in
the lower:

- chieftain (kjá) - denizen (tò)
- teacher (se) - student (hin)
- leader (zi) - follower (hin)

One can be in several of these relationships at once.
For example, one of the denizen can be the chieftain's teacher, in which case
each party uses the lower pronoun for oneself and the higher for the other.

### Kinship

- great-grandparent: sjà
- grandfather: fu
- grandmother: bu
- father: ba
  - father's elder brother: fa
    - father's elder brother's wife: nàn
  - father's elder sister: bá
    - father's elder sister's husband: gon
  - father's younger sibling: hju
    - father's younger sibling's spouse: tin
- mother: ma
  - mother's elder brother: fá
    - mother's elder brother's wife: nàn
  - mother's elder sister: sì
    - mother's elder sister's husband: gon
  - mother's younger sibling: vá
    - mother's younger sibling's spouse: mjé
- elder brother: kje
- elder sister: dje
- younger sibling: nen
- child: su
- niece/nephew: swá
- grandchild: gun
- great-grandchild: ngi

Note:

- Pronoun for parents' spouses who are not biological parents are the same as
    parents
- Pronoun for parent's elder brother's husband is lacked because homosexual
    relationships weren't acknowledged before, but he would use the same
    pronoun as the parent's elder brother.  Likewise, the parent's elder
    sister's wife also use the same pronoun as her wife.
- Pronouns for father's elder brother, mother's elder sister, father's younger
    sibling, mother's younger sibling

## Verbs
## Adjective
## Classifiers

- human: ngan
  - respectful: nga
  - derogatory: ngǐ
  - diminutive: ngí
- animal: man
  - four-legged: khú
  - winged: tǐ
- plant: ci
  - flower: khje
  - fruit-like (fruit, ball, egg): khwi
- thing: kí
  - book-like (dictionary, newspaper): hin
  - blade-like (knife, scissor, sword): zé
  - street-like (river, stream): lwin
  - yard-like (pond, lake): son
  - very large (sky, ocean, forest): lon
  - house-like: ngwo
  - clothes: bù
- food: bá
- abstract: tjen
- phenomenon: mwan

## Numerals and Quantifiers

### Numeral

DjanZi numerals is biquinary.

To refer to number zero (0), one use the negation particle *khan*.

| Number | DjanZi     |
|--------|------------|
| 1      | khì        |
| 2      | fwo        |
| 3      | sa         |
| 4      | bú         |
| 5      | ná         |
| 6      | ná khì     |
| 7      | ná fwo     |
| 8      | ná sa      |
| 9      | ná bú      |
| 10     | ljá        |
| 11     | ljá khì    |
| 12     | ljá fwo    |
| 13     | ljá sa     |
| 14     | ljá bú     |
| 15     | ljá ná     |
| 16     | ljá ná khì |
| 17     | ljá ná fwo |
| 18     | ljá ná sa  |
| 19     | ljá ná bú  |
| 20     | fwo lja    |
| 100    | sá         |
| 1000   | hwèn       |
| 1048   | hwèn khan sá bú lja ná sa |
| 10000  | má         |

10000 is a very big number already.  In daily speech this number is synonymous
with infinity.  The next big word is *cwé*, 1000000000000 (trillion) if you
really insist.

### Quantifier

- several, few: ní
- many: fjè
- plenty: má má
- all: khá

## Preposition

- at: zjà
- inside: tjǒ
- outside: ngà
- next to: nèn
- against: tá
- on, above: tan
- under, below: dú
- to: khá
- from: khè
- with: vjén
- of: kě
- between: nì

## Conjunction

Conjunctions are words that connects two phrases to form some logical
connection between them.  Two conjunctions in a pair can switch place. Ones
inside the parentheses in the below list can be omitted.

- because… so…: dà… so…
- though… but…: mà… nha…
- (either)… or…: (vo)… vo…
- (neither)… nor…: (cá)… cá…
- (both)… and…: (na)… na…
- … in order to…: ni… lun…

## Particles
### Modal

- imperative mood: ha
- interrogative mood: né
- possibility: sà
- acceptability: là
- admiration: san
- pity: ní

### Adverbial

Adverbial particles indicates tenses and aspects.

- future: kja
- past: lwì
- continuous: can
- perfective: són
- perfect: ljě