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diff --git a/src/pos/pronoun.md b/src/pos/pronoun.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da976a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/pronoun.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +# Pronoun + +Pronouns are nominal anaphora, that is, short words that are used to refer to a +noun or a noun phrase. Pronouns usually have nominal morphology, though not +strictly. Pronoun is a closed class. + +## Personal pronouns + +There are 15 personal pronouns in total. Dual pronouns and 1st person +inclusive pronouns are in fact formed by compounding others. + +| person | singular | dual | several | plural | +|--------|----------|----------|---------|----------| +| 1st | fènsy | fènvynsỳ | jaächsỳ | rèëchsý | +| 1st (inclusive) | | fèndynsỳ | jaächdynsỳ | rèëchdynsý | +| 2nd | tènsy | tèndynsỳ | néëcsỳ | ngeënsý | +| 3rd | lúcsy | lúccynsỳ | bóönsỳ | waanjsý | + +### Reflexive + +Reflexive pronouns occur as clitic. They are formed by removing the gender +vowel and number tone from corresponding personal pronoun. + +> **fènsu fèngòngàr zápmỳfo** +> I-nom.wo.sg I-acc-look-ind.pst.cnt mirror-dat.mt.sg +> *I was looking at myself in the mirror.* + +It also works for indirect object: + +> **tènsa tènfnìchá púürijinsechne** +> he-nom.wo.sg he-dat-buy-ind.fut.prf birthday-gift-acc.fi.sg +> *He'll just buy himself a birthday gift.* + +There is a difference between reflexive and reciprocal for plural pronouns. + +> **lúccynsỳ lúcnmeërá'ar** +> you-nom.dual you-acc.sg-love-ind.prs.cnt +> *You love yourselves* +> +> **lúccynsỳ lúccyǹmeërá'ar** +> you-nom.dual you-acc.dual-love-ind.prs.cnt +> *You love each other.* + +Note: there is also a idiomatic use of reflexive pronouns: + +> **fènsu fèncwítar** +> I-nom.wa.sg I-gen-be.ind.prs.cnt +> *I am alone.* +> +> **fènsu fèncbochar ringyno** +> I-nom.wa.sg I-gen-repair.ind.pst.prf vehicle-acc.mt.sg +> *I fixed the car myself.* + +## Indefinite pronouns + +These are indefinite pronouns in Hàäsdáïga: + +- hipsy: somewhen +- vàtsy: somewhere +- cotsy: somehow +- bansy: someone +- wón: which + +Construction of other [pro-forms][pro-forms] are totally regular: + +- It is interrogative when its verb is in interrogative mood. +- Its proximity is determined by a determiner prefix: *ci* (this) *la* (that) +- So are *any*, *all/every*, *other*, with *zòt*, *rýnj*, *púch*, respectively. +- Negative forms are formed by negating the "all/every" form. See [Negation]. +- The equivalent relative pronouns is unchanged. + +[pro-forms]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-form + +Examples: + +TODO: add glosses + +> **vungà las hipfy** +> happen-ind.pst.prf that-nom somewhen-dat +> *It happened at some point*. +> +> **saändasi Aäratraäce voö'ir vàtfy** +> city-nom.ea.sg ember-gen.fi be_located_at-int.prs.cnt somewhere-dat +> *Where is Ember city?* +> +> **wónjannane lúcfi càhánì** +> which-name-acc.fi.sg you-dat.ea.sg give-int.pst.prf +> *What is your name?* +> +> **vifi bansy civàtfy** +> stand-int.prs.cnt someone-nom.sg this-somewhere-dat +> *Is there anyone here?* +> +> **rýnjbansý càï'ar njizy lan** +> every-someone-nom.pl can-ind.prs.cnt do that-acc +> *Everyone can do that.* +> +> **dy njéna bansa lúcna daïnè'à, connar fènsu** +> `<sub>` woman-acc.wo.sg who.nom you-acc.wo.sg help-ind.pst.prf, +> know-ind.prs.cnt I-nom.wa.sg +> *I know the woman who helped you.* |