From 137e99b0f73fdf034235f0bd48bace1df435dda0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ngô Ngọc Đức Huy Date: Thu, 28 Oct 2021 17:37:23 +0700 Subject: Initialize and write phonology stuff --- .gitignore | 1 + book.toml | 9 ++++++++ src/SUMMARY.md | 8 +++++++ src/intro.md | 4 ++++ src/phonology/index.md | 1 + src/phonology/phonemes.md | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ src/phonology/phonotactics.md | 19 ++++++++++++++++ src/phonology/rom.md | 3 +++ src/writing/index.md | 1 + 9 files changed, 97 insertions(+) create mode 100644 .gitignore create mode 100644 book.toml create mode 100644 src/SUMMARY.md create mode 100644 src/intro.md create mode 100644 src/phonology/index.md create mode 100644 src/phonology/phonemes.md create mode 100644 src/phonology/phonotactics.md create mode 100644 src/phonology/rom.md create mode 100644 src/writing/index.md diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7585238 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +book diff --git a/book.toml b/book.toml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f6efa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/book.toml @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +[book] +authors = ["Ngô Ngọc Đức Huy"] +language = "en" +multilingual = false +src = "src" +title = "Ravna manual" + +[output.html] +default-theme = "rust" diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f7130d --- /dev/null +++ b/src/SUMMARY.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Summary + +- [Introduction](./intro.md) +- [Phonology](./phonology/index.md) + - [Phonemes](./phonology/phonemes.md) + - [Phonotactics](./phonology/phonotactics.md) + - [Romanization](./phonology/rom.md) +- [Writing system](./writing/index.md) diff --git a/src/intro.md b/src/intro.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b91f821 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/intro.md @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +# Introduction + +Ravna is the native langauge of Ravin people, a tribe in Woodsland. It is also +used as a lingua franca among neighbour tribes. diff --git a/src/phonology/index.md b/src/phonology/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..981a724 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/phonology/index.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Phonology diff --git a/src/phonology/phonemes.md b/src/phonology/phonemes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67caf2b --- /dev/null +++ b/src/phonology/phonemes.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +# Phonemes + +## Consonants + +| | labial | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | +|-----------|--------|----------|---------|-------|---------| +| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | | +| plosive | p b | t d | c | k g | ʔ | +| fricative | f v | s z | ç j | x | h | +| liquid | | l r | | | | + +Ravna consists of 22 standard consonants. + +- /t/, /d/, and /c/ are aspirated [tʰ], [dʰ], [cʰ] in Ravin dialect, but + unaspirated elsewhere +- /x/ can be realized as [χ] in some dialects +- /ç/ can be realized as [ʂ] in some rare dialects or by non-native speakers +- /s/ and /z/ is realized as [ʂ] and [ʐ] in Ravin dialect, but not others +- Some dialects don't have phoneme /ʔ/ +- In modern Ravna dialect that Ravin people speak, /l/ and /r/ are merged to [ɺ] +- /r/ can be either approximant [ɹ], tap [ɾ], or trill [r] in other dialects + +## Vowels + +| | front | central | back | +|--------|-------|---------|------| +| open | i | (ɨ) | u | +| mid | e ɛ | (ə) | o | +| closed | a | | ɔ | + +Ravna consists of 9 vowels. + +- /ə/ occurs as unstressed /e/ +- /ɨ/ occurs as unstressed /i/, which disappears when possible +- /a/ and /o/ have umlauts /ɛ/ and /u/ respectively + +## Stress + +Ravna is a stress-accent language with clear pitch accent patterns. + +If the word has 3 syllables or less: + +- The primary stress is on the first syllable. +- The low pitch is on the first syllable and the high pitch is on the last + syllable. All other syllables have low pitches. + +If the word has more than 3 syllables: + +- The primary stress is on the first syllable. +- The secondary stress is on the third syllable. +- The high pitches are on the stresses, and low pitches are on other syllable. diff --git a/src/phonology/phonotactics.md b/src/phonology/phonotactics.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d559967 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/phonology/phonotactics.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +# Phonotactics + +## Syllable structure + +The common syllable structure in Ravna is CV(C). + +The final consonants cannot be glottal. Glottal stop can only occurs +word-initial, which means it's omitted in compound word or if the word is +affixed. + +## Other constraints + +The vowel /ɨ/ can only occur where the syllable constraint forbid it to +disappears. For example, Rävna is actually Rävina, but since +i is unstressed, it disappears. In contrast, in Rävin, it can't +disappears since *Rävn would violate the constraint. + +Final consonants are devoiced, unless there is no voiceless equivalent for the +consonant. Rävna is pronounced [ˈrɛːfna] but Rävin is /ˈrɛːvɨn/ diff --git a/src/phonology/rom.md b/src/phonology/rom.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3c4be8 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/phonology/rom.md @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +# Romanization + + diff --git a/src/writing/index.md b/src/writing/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2c3d5a --- /dev/null +++ b/src/writing/index.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Writing system -- cgit 1.4.1