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-So if you follow my class so far, you know that

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-I like to give a little bit of history when I talk

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-about a specific topic. So I'm going to do the same also

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-in this case for refactoring. I'm going to start by mentioning, the fact

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-that refactoring is something that programmers have always done. I gave

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-you a trivial example just a minute ago of what refactoring is.

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-So even more complicated refactorings are

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-something that are commonplace for developers.

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-Somehow refactoring is especially important in

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-the context of object-oriented languages and

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-probably it's because the object-oriented features are well suited to

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-make designs flexible and reusable. Because of the fact that help

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-encapsulation, information hiding, and so they make it easier to

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-modify something without changing the functionality that it provides to the

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-outside world. However, you should keep in mind that refactoring

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-is really not specific to object oriented languages, you can also

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-refactor other languages, it's just more common to see it in

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-that context. So one of the first examples of a specific

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-discussion of what the refactorings are is Opdyke's PhD

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-thesis in 1990. Which discusses refactorings for small talk.

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-And some of you might be familiar with small

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-talk, which is a specific objectory language. And in

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-more recent times, refactoring's becoming increasing popular due to

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-lightweight development methodoogies, due to agile development, which is

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-something that we just discussed in this class. For

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-example, when we talked about extreme programming, we mentioned refactoring

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-a few times. And the reason why its so popular

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-is because re-factoring is one of the practices that help.

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-Making changes less expensive. And therefore adapt to changing requirements

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-and changing environments more quickly.

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-And continuing with historical perspective, one

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-of the milestones in the history of re-factoring [INAUDIBLE] is

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-a book by Martin Fowler. This is a book entitled

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-Improving the Design of Existing [INAUDIBLE]. And it contains a

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-catalog of refactorings, a list of bad smells, in code, and

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-we're going to see what that mean exactly. Nothing to

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-do with other kinds of bad smells. It talks about

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-guidelines on when to apply refactoring. And finally, which is

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-very useful, it provides example of code, before and after.

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-Applying the refactoring and we're going to use more of the

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-same style when discussing refactoring in the rest of this

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-lesson. More specifically what we're discussing next, are some examples

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-of refactoring and also some examples of code bad smells.