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# Phonology
## Consonants
Main consonants are listed in the table below:
| | labial | alveolar | palatal | uvular | glottal |
|---------------|--------|----------|---------|-----------|---------|
| **nasal** | m | n | ɲ (*nj*) | ŋ (*n*, *ng*) | |
| **plosive** | p b | t d | | k (*c*) ɡ (*g*) | ʔ |
| **fricative** | f v | s z | | x (*ch*) ɣ (*gh*) | h |
| **sonorant** | w | ɹ (*r*) l | j | | |
Notes:
- *n* is pronounced as /ŋ/ only if it is followed by another consonant
- The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not written. It's implied when a syllable does not
have other consonants (similar to Vietnamese).
- *nj* is pronounced as /ɲ/ even when the two letters are from different words.
The sames go for other digraphs (ng, ch, gh)
- Some dialects may pronounce *s*, *z* as
## Vowels
| | front | centre | back |
|-------|--------------|--------|-------------|
| open | i y | ɨ (*uë*) | u |
| mid | ɛ (*e*) e (*aë*) | ə (*oë*) | ɔ (*o*) o (*oü*)|
| close | a | | |
Notes: In Hàësdáëga's native script all vowels are written as only one character.
### Diphthongs and long vowels
Long vowels are written as duplicated vowels, with the second character having
a diaresis (for example *aä* is pronounced /aː/). For vowels whose
romanizations contain two characters, the later vowel is duplicated (for
example, long version of *aë* is *aëë*)
Diphthongs are written similarly. They're listed below:
- aï /aɪ/
- aü /aʊ/
- aëï /eɪ/
- oëï /əɪ/
- oÿ /oʏ/
- uï /uɪ/
## Tones
There are three tones in Hàësdáëga:
- level tone (a) /˧˧/
- rising tone (á) /˧˥/
- falling tone (à) /˥˩/
## Phonotactics
Syllables in Hàësdáëga have a simple structure: **CVT(C)**
The final consonants can't be sonorants, /h/, /ʔ/, and voiced vowels if they
have voiceless equivalents. Other than that, there isn't any constraints.
There are thus:
\\( 22 × (10 × 2 + 6 ) × 3 × 11 = 18876 \\) (possible syllables)
Note: These numbers mean:
- 22 consonants
- 10 vowels and their long version
- 6 diphthongs
- 3 tones
- 10 final consonants
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