blob: bbf3626cc9422cf7a3dc07a193ac2151c52b040d (
plain) (
blame)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
|
# Phonology
Isanercent shares the same set of phonemes of German. Below is a description
based on Wikipedia article.
## Consonants
| | labial | alveolar | post-alveolar | palatal | velar/uvular | glottal |
|--|--------|----------|---------------|---------|--------------|---------|
| nasal | m | n | | | ŋ | |
| plosive | p b | t d | | | k g | |
| affricate | pf | ts | tʃ dʒ | | | |
| fricative | f v | s z | ʃ ʒ | ç j | x | h |
| liquid | | l | | | | |
## Vowels
| | front (u) | front (r) | central | back |
|--|-----------------|---------------|---------|------|
| close | ɪ iː | ʏ yː | | ʊ uː |
| close-mid | eː | øː | (ə) | oː |
| open-mid | ɛ (ɛː) | œ | (ɐ) | ɔ |
| open | | | a | |
- /ə/ is often realized as mid central unrounded [ə] and close-mid central
unrounded [ɘ]. It occurs only in unstressed syllables, for instance in
Isanercent [ˈɪzaˌnɛɐtsən]. If a sonorant follows in the syllable coda, the
schwa often disappears so that the sonorant becomes syllabic, for instance
[ˈɪzaˌnɛɐtsn̩]
- /ɐ/ is a common allophone of the sequence /ər/
## Diphthongs
### Phonemic
| Ending point → | front | back |
|----------------|-------|------|
| open-mid | ɔʏ̯ | |
| open | aɪ̯ | aʊ̯ |
### Phonetic
In the varieties where speakers vocalize /r/ to [ɐ] in the syllable coda, a
diphthong ending in [ɐ̯] may be formed with every stressable vowel.
## Romanization
While we can directly borrow German's orthography, seeing that we can improve
its intuitivity, it is modified a little.
### Consonants
- b: at end of syllable: [p]; otherwise: [b]
- c: [ts]
- ch: after a, o, and u: [x]; after other vowels or consonants or initially:
[ç] or [k].
- ck: [k], follows short vowels
- d: at end of syllable: [t]; otherwise: [d] or [d̥]
- dz: [dʒ]
- dt: [t]
- f: [f]
- g: when part of word-final -ig: [ç] or [k] (Southern German); at the end of a
syllable: [k]; otherwise: [ɡ] or [ɡ̊]
- h: [h]
- k: [k]
- l: [l]
- m: [m]
- n: [n]
- ng: usually: [ŋ]; in compound words where the first element ends in "n" and
the second element begins with "g" (-n·g-): [nɡ] or [nɡ̊]
- nk: [ŋk]
- p: [p]
- pf: [pf] in all cases with some speakers
- qu: [kv] or [kw] (in a few regions)
- r: [ʁ] before vowels, [ɐ] otherwise; or
- s: before and between vowels: [z] or [z̥]; before consonants or when final: [s];
before p or t at the beginning of a word or syllable: [ʃ]
- sch: [ʃ]; however
- ss: [s]
- t: [t]
- tsch: [tʃ]
- ts: [ts], follows short vowels
- tzsch: [tʃ]
- v: [v]; word-ending: [f]
- w: [v]
- z: [ʒ]
- zsch: [tʃ]
### Vowels
| | front (u) | front (r) | central | back |
|------|--------------|-------------|---------|------|
| close | ɪ (ǐ) i (i) | ʏ (y) y (ü) | | ʊ (ǔ) u (u) |
| close-mid | e (e) | ø (ö) | ə (e) | o (o) |
| open-mid | ɛ (ä) | œ (œ) | ɐ (r) | ɔ (ǒ) |
| open | | | a (a) | |
|
