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diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7585238 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +book diff --git a/book.toml b/book.toml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77b7a12 --- /dev/null +++ b/book.toml @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +[book] +authors = ["Ngô Ngọc Đức Huy"] +language = "en" +multilingual = false +src = "src" +title = "DjanZi Grammar" diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f274b82 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/SUMMARY.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Summary + +- [Introduction](./intro.md) +- [Phonology](./phono.md) +- [Morphology](./morpho.md) +- [Parts of speech](./pos.md) +- [Syntax](./syntax.md) +- [Writing](./writing.md) diff --git a/src/intro.md b/src/intro.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..181cee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/intro.md @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +# Introduction + +DjanZì is an analytic language, spoken by Zi people. diff --git a/src/morpho.md b/src/morpho.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be7c84b --- /dev/null +++ b/src/morpho.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# (Derivational) Morphology + +DjanZì is an analytic language, close to isolating. That means, DjanZì does +not have grammatical morphemes to denote gender, case, tense, or number. +However, it does have independent morphemes that can be used to derive new +words. + +## Affixes + +### Prefixes +### Affixes + +## Reduplication + +### Semantic + +Semantic reduplication is reduplication where two words with similar meanings +make up a compound. This often makes: + +- generalization in case of nouns and verbs +- intensity increment in case of adjectives + +### Phonemic + +Semantic reduplication is reduplication where two words with similar +pronunciation make up a compound. This often: + +- decreases intensity in case of adjectives +- denotes repetition in case of verbs +- denotes entirety in case of nouns + - in case of kinship vocabulary, reduplication denotes endearment diff --git a/src/phono.md b/src/phono.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ad1da3 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/phono.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +# Phonology + +## Consonants + +| | labial | alveolar | palatal | velar/uvular | glottal | +|-----------|--------|-----------|---------|--------------|---------| +| nasal | m | n | ɲ (nh) | ŋ (ng) | | +| plosive | p b | t d | c | k g | | +| fricative | f v | s z | | x (kh) | h | +| approx. | w | | j | | | +| liquid | | l | | | | + +- Consonants are often labialized before /w/ and palatalized before /j/ +- /nj/ is also sometimes realized as [ɲ] or [ɲj] +- /j/ is realized as [i] after /h/ and /c/ +- Likewise, /w/ is realized as [u] after /h/, and other labial consonants + +## Vowels + +| | front | central | back | +|-----------|--------|---------|-------| +| close | i y | | u | +| close-mid | e | ə (e) | o | +| open-mid | ɛ̃ (e) | | ɔ̃ (o) | +| open | | a | | + +- /e/ is realized as [ɛ̃] when nasalized and [ə] when preceded by /j/ +- /o/ is realized as [ɔ̃] when nasalized + +## Tones + +There are five tones: + +- mid level [33]: a +- low [21]: à +- falling [45] or [41]: â +- high [44]: á +- rising [324]: ǎ + +## Phonotactics + +All syllables in DianZì follows C(W)V(N)T pattern, where: + +- C is a consonant +- W is either /w/ or /j/ or /y/ +- V is a vowel +- N is the vowel nasalization marker +- T is a tone + +/w/ cannot precedes /u/ and /j/ not /i/ + +There are thus 3910 possible syllables. + +## Romanization + +DjanZì is often written in CamelCase to disambiguate cases like /ng/ vs /ŋ/. +Hyphenation is also often used as DjanZì words are often not too long, in which +case capitalization is only mandatory for proper noun component. + +J and W can be romanized as I and U for aesthetics, as there is no ambiguity +there. Nasalization is often denoted with N, but sometimes also with NG. + +Following spellings are thus all valid for *DjanZì*: + +- DjanZì +- djan-Zì +- DiangZì +- djang Zì diff --git a/src/pos.md b/src/pos.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30d448b --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos.md @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +# Parts of speech + +## Nouns +### Nominal phrases + +1. Head noun +2. Totality +3. Quantifier/Number +4. Classifier +5. Attributive modifiers +6. Demonstrative +7. Prepositional phrase + +## Pronoun +### Neutral + +Neutral pronouns are similar to how they are in English. It is however mainly +used in formal speech or formal writing. Using it on an one-on-one +conversation implies either unfriendliness or distance. + +| Person | Pronoun | +|--------|---------| +| 1st | hwa | +| 2nd | ti | +| 3rd | nu | + +Neutral pronouns can be pluralized by numerals and quantifiers as if they are +nouns. Note that first plural personal pronoun is always exclusive. + +### Familiar + +Gendered pronouns are chiefly used among people who are equal and close to one +another, but not blood-related. + +| Person | Male | Female | Male (intimate) | Female (intimate)| +|--------|--------|--------|-----------------|------------------| +| 1st | min | dwi | na | mì | +| 2nd | hon | hja | san | kun | +| 3rd | hàn | mù | ba | njan | + +Note: "intimate" pronouns are used between lovers. + +There is no gender-neutral pronouns in this category. Nonbinary people usually +pick the one they're most comfortable with or invent neopronouns, though that +meets several criticism from many linguistic purists. Another option for them +is to use kinship pronouns, which include gender-neutral pronouns for sibling +(though, not age-neutral). + +### Hierarchical + +There are not many non-familial hierarchies in Zì community, but the contrast +in such relationships is showed clearly via pronouns. These pronouns lack +third person pronoun. +Hierarchical pronouns comes in pair, with one in the higher position and one in +the lower: + +- chieftain (kjá) - denizen (tò) +- teacher (se) - student (him) +- leader (zi) - follower (him) + +One can be in several of these relationships at once. +For example, one of the denizen can be the chieftain's teacher, in which case +each party uses the lower pronoun for oneself and the higher for the other. + +### Kinship + +- great-grandparent: sjà +- grandfather: fu +- grandmother: bu +- father: ba + - father's elder brother: fa + - father's elder brother's wife: nàn + - father's elder sister: bǎ + - father's elder sister's husband: gon + - father's younger sibling: hju + - father's younger sibling's spouse: tin +- mother: ma + - mother's elder brother: fá + - mother's elder brother's wife: nàn + - mother's elder sister: zǐ + - mother's elder sister's husband: gon + - mother's younger sibling: vǎ + - mother's younger sibling's spouse: mjé +- elder brother: kje +- elder sister: dje +- younger sibling: nen +- child: sǔn +- niece/nephew: swá +- grandchild: gun +- great-grandchild: ngi + +Note: + +- Pronoun for parents' spouses who are not biological parents are the same as + parents +- Pronoun for parent's elder brother's husband is lacked because homosexual + relationships weren't acknowledged before, but he would use the same + pronoun as the parent's elder brother. Likewise, the parent's elder + sister's wife also use the same pronoun as her wife. +- Pronouns for father's elder brother, mother's elder sister, father's younger + sibling, mother's younger sibling + +## Verbs +## Adjective +## Classifiers + +- human + - respectful + - derogatory + - diminutive +- animal + - four-legged + - winged +- plant + - flower + - fruit-like (fruit, ball, egg) +- thing + - book-like (dictionary, newspaper) + - blade-like (knife, scissor, sword) + - street-like (river, stream) + - yard-like (pond, lake) + - very large (sky, ocean, forest) + - house-like + - clothes +- food +- abstract +- phenomenon + +## Numerals and Quantifiers + +### Numeral + +Biquinary + +### Quantifier + +## Preposition +## Particles +### Modal +### Adverbial diff --git a/src/syntax.md b/src/syntax.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e594a76 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/syntax.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +# Syntax + +Being an analytic language, DjanZi depends heavily on positional syntax. +Phrasal syntaxes are already discussed in the previous section. This +section concerns sentence syntaxes. + +## Basic sentence + +DjanZi sentences generally follows XSVO order, where X might be topic or an +adverbial phrase (not consisting an SV pair). + +## Negation + +Negative particle precedes what it negates. + +## Questions + + + +## Compound sentence +## Dependent clause + diff --git a/src/writing.md b/src/writing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb432df --- /dev/null +++ b/src/writing.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Writing |