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diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/pos/pronoun.md b/src/haasdaiga/pos/pronoun.md index da976a8..79e4998 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/pos/pronoun.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/pos/pronoun.md @@ -1,101 +1 @@ # Pronoun - -Pronouns are nominal anaphora, that is, short words that are used to refer to a -noun or a noun phrase. Pronouns usually have nominal morphology, though not -strictly. Pronoun is a closed class. - -## Personal pronouns - -There are 15 personal pronouns in total. Dual pronouns and 1st person -inclusive pronouns are in fact formed by compounding others. - -| person | singular | dual | several | plural | -|--------|----------|----------|---------|----------| -| 1st | fènsy | fènvynsỳ | jaächsỳ | rèëchsý | -| 1st (inclusive) | | fèndynsỳ | jaächdynsỳ | rèëchdynsý | -| 2nd | tènsy | tèndynsỳ | néëcsỳ | ngeënsý | -| 3rd | lúcsy | lúccynsỳ | bóönsỳ | waanjsý | - -### Reflexive - -Reflexive pronouns occur as clitic. They are formed by removing the gender -vowel and number tone from corresponding personal pronoun. - -> **fènsu fèngòngàr zápmỳfo** -> I-nom.wo.sg I-acc-look-ind.pst.cnt mirror-dat.mt.sg -> *I was looking at myself in the mirror.* - -It also works for indirect object: - -> **tènsa tènfnìchá púürijinsechne** -> he-nom.wo.sg he-dat-buy-ind.fut.prf birthday-gift-acc.fi.sg -> *He'll just buy himself a birthday gift.* - -There is a difference between reflexive and reciprocal for plural pronouns. - -> **lúccynsỳ lúcnmeërá'ar** -> you-nom.dual you-acc.sg-love-ind.prs.cnt -> *You love yourselves* -> -> **lúccynsỳ lúccyǹmeërá'ar** -> you-nom.dual you-acc.dual-love-ind.prs.cnt -> *You love each other.* - -Note: there is also a idiomatic use of reflexive pronouns: - -> **fènsu fèncwítar** -> I-nom.wa.sg I-gen-be.ind.prs.cnt -> *I am alone.* -> -> **fènsu fèncbochar ringyno** -> I-nom.wa.sg I-gen-repair.ind.pst.prf vehicle-acc.mt.sg -> *I fixed the car myself.* - -## Indefinite pronouns - -These are indefinite pronouns in Hàäsdáïga: - -- hipsy: somewhen -- vàtsy: somewhere -- cotsy: somehow -- bansy: someone -- wón: which - -Construction of other [pro-forms][pro-forms] are totally regular: - -- It is interrogative when its verb is in interrogative mood. -- Its proximity is determined by a determiner prefix: *ci* (this) *la* (that) -- So are *any*, *all/every*, *other*, with *zòt*, *rýnj*, *púch*, respectively. -- Negative forms are formed by negating the "all/every" form. See [Negation]. -- The equivalent relative pronouns is unchanged. - -[pro-forms]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-form - -Examples: - -TODO: add glosses - -> **vungà las hipfy** -> happen-ind.pst.prf that-nom somewhen-dat -> *It happened at some point*. -> -> **saändasi Aäratraäce voö'ir vàtfy** -> city-nom.ea.sg ember-gen.fi be_located_at-int.prs.cnt somewhere-dat -> *Where is Ember city?* -> -> **wónjannane lúcfi càhánì** -> which-name-acc.fi.sg you-dat.ea.sg give-int.pst.prf -> *What is your name?* -> -> **vifi bansy civàtfy** -> stand-int.prs.cnt someone-nom.sg this-somewhere-dat -> *Is there anyone here?* -> -> **rýnjbansý càï'ar njizy lan** -> every-someone-nom.pl can-ind.prs.cnt do that-acc -> *Everyone can do that.* -> -> **dy njéna bansa lúcna daïnè'à, connar fènsu** -> `<sub>` woman-acc.wo.sg who.nom you-acc.wo.sg help-ind.pst.prf, -> know-ind.prs.cnt I-nom.wa.sg -> *I know the woman who helped you.* |