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diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 88814e6..2b63f29 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ # Conlangs -Repository for documenting my constructed languages. +<s>Repository for documenting my constructed languages.</s> +Repository for documenting Hàäsdáïga <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"> <img diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md index 3a92f6e..a08182d 100644 --- a/src/SUMMARY.md +++ b/src/SUMMARY.md @@ -2,23 +2,22 @@ - [Introduction](./index.md) -- [Hàäsdáïga](./haasdaiga/index.md) - - [Phonology](./haasdaiga/phonology.md) - - [Morphology](./haasdaiga/morphology/index.md) - - [Nominal](./haasdaiga/morphology/nominal.md) - - [Verbal](./haasdaiga/morphology/verbal.md) - - [Derivational Morphology](./haasdaiga/derivation.md) - - [Parts of Speech](./haasdaiga/pos/index.md) - - [Noun](./haasdaiga/pos/noun.md) - - [Pronoun](./haasdaiga/pos/pronoun.md) - - [Verb](./haasdaiga/pos/verb.md) - - [Postposition](./haasdaiga/pos/pp.md) - - [Numerals](./haasdaiga/pos/num.md) - - [Constructions](./haasdaiga/constructions/index.md) - - [Sentence order](./haasdaiga/constructions/sentence-order.md) - - [Negation](./haasdaiga/constructions/negation.md) - - [Question](./haasdaiga/constructions/question.md) - - [Adjectives and Comparison](./haasdaiga/constructions/comparison.md) - - [Writing system](./haasdaiga/writing.md) - - [Lexicon](./haasdaiga/lexicon.md) - - [Examples](./haasdaiga/example.md) +- [Phonology](./phonology.md) +- [Morphology](./morphology/index.md) + - [Nominal](./morphology/nominal.md) + - [Verbal](./morphology/verbal.md) +- [Derivational Morphology](./derivation.md) +- [Parts of Speech](./pos/index.md) + - [Noun](./pos/noun.md) + - [Pronoun](./pos/pronoun.md) + - [Verb](./pos/verb.md) + - [Postposition](./pos/pp.md) + - [Numerals](./pos/num.md) +- [Constructions](./constructions/index.md) + - [Sentence order](./constructions/sentence-order.md) + - [Negation](./constructions/negation.md) + - [Question](./constructions/question.md) + - [Adjectives and Comparison](./constructions/comparison.md) +- [Writing system](./writing.md) +- [Lexicon](./lexicon.md) +- [Examples](./example.md) diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/compile-dict.sh b/src/compile-dict.sh index b6097d0..b6097d0 100755 --- a/src/haasdaiga/compile-dict.sh +++ b/src/compile-dict.sh diff --git a/src/constructions/comparison.md b/src/constructions/comparison.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7256bfa --- /dev/null +++ b/src/constructions/comparison.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +# Adjectives and comparison + +## Adjectival verbs + +Some verbs play the function adjectives do in other languages. Such verbs +are called *adjectival verbs*. + +In the predicative form, it is used in the same way as other verb. + +> man-nom.mt.sg is_old-ind.prs.cnt +> *The man is old.* + +In the descriptive form, it is attached before the noun without any +conjugation. + +> is_old-man-nom.mt.sg catch-ind.pst.cnt fish-acc.wa.sg +> The old man caught the fish + +## Comparison + +Comparison is done via prefixing. + +### Comparative form + +The comparative form has prefix **jìs**. + +### Superlative form + +The superlative form has prefix **haät**. diff --git a/src/constructions/index.md b/src/constructions/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc646ef --- /dev/null +++ b/src/constructions/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +# Constructions + +This section concerns various syntactic constructions. We discuss both +conversational and magical constructions in parallel where relevance. diff --git a/src/constructions/negation.md b/src/constructions/negation.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4dfb76 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/constructions/negation.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +# Negation + +To negate a sentence, simply put the negative adverb in front of the verb. +For each sense of negativity, there is a separate word: + +- not: cèë +- not yet: niï +- never: chon + +Following are the opposite of them: + +- yes: daä +- already: voc +- always: réïn diff --git a/src/constructions/question.md b/src/constructions/question.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b383ff --- /dev/null +++ b/src/constructions/question.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +# Question + +The preferred word orders are discussed in previous sections. Verbs must be +used in interrogative mood. + +One may have noticed in the Sentence order section that yes/no questions are +formed by adding a negative adverb at the end of the sentence. Here are two +examples with *niï* and *chon*: + +> +> *Have you ever been to the capital?* +> +> +> *Do you really never eat meat?* diff --git a/src/constructions/sentence-order.md b/src/constructions/sentence-order.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ca9edc --- /dev/null +++ b/src/constructions/sentence-order.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +# Sentence order + +In conversation, the sentence order is relatively loose: SVO, OSV, VSO, VOS, +SOV are all used. Particularly, they're preferred to be used like described +below: + +- SVO: when the subject is the topic of the sentence +- OSV: when the object is the topic of the sentence; it's also used as + equivalent for passive voice, which Hàäsdáïga does not have +- VSO: when the verb is the topic, or when the question is about the object +- VOS: when it's a question and it's about the subject +- SOV: when the object is a pronoun, especially a reflexive pronoun. + +Examples: + +> he-nom.ea.sg have-ind.prs.cnt many money-acc.mtl.pl +> *He has a lot of money.* +> +> die-RESULT-acc.wa.sg he-nom.fi.sg not fear-ind.prs.cnt +> *Death, he does not fear.* +> +> curse-int.pst.prf you-nom.wo.sg neck-wearing-acc.mtl.sg not? +> *Did you curse that necklace?* +> +> choose-int.fut.prf you-nom.wo.sg path-acc.ea.sg +> *Which path will you choose?* +> +> pay-int.fut.prf meal-money-acc.mtl.pl who.nom.sg +> *Who will pay for the meal?* +> +> I-nom.fi.sg you-acc.wa.sg love-ind.prs.cnt +> *I love you.* + +While casting magic, the sentence order is always SVO. Here is an example of +air shield spell, which is a very simple one: + +> air-nom.wa.pl flow-rit.prs.cnt.wa and protect-rit.prs.cnt.ea I-acc.wa.sg +> *The air shall flow around me and protect me.* diff --git a/src/derivation.md b/src/derivation.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f144ba2 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/derivation.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +# Derivational Morphology + +## Nominalization + +In all following transformations, where a noun has unknown gender mark *-y*, +it is replaced with an ambiguous, idiomatic gender or the gender of a closest +noun that defines it. +In the former case, such words would be listed in the dictionary. + +| category | transformation | examples | +|----------|----------------|----------| +| action | -zy → -sy | chopzy (think) → chopsu (the act of thinking) | +| actor | -zy → -nersy | rypzy (teach) → rypnersy (teacher) | +| result | -zy → -mensy | chopzy (think) → chopmensu (thought), ghószy (draw) → ghósmense (drawing, picture) | +| diminutive| -sy → -zìssy | wuüpsi (dog) → wuüpzìssy (puppy), nùchsa (kid) → nùchzìssa (baby), lìmsi (human) → lìmzìssi (dwarf) | +| augmentative| -sy → gáchsy| lìmsi (human) → lìmgáchsi (giant) | + +## Verbalization + +| category | transformation | examples | +|----------|----------------|----------| +| reverse | V → réc-V | njizy (do) → récnjizy (undo)| +| do again | V → bàn-V | chopzy (think) → bànchopzy (rethink) | + +## Compounds + +TBD diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/dict2md.sh b/src/dict2md.sh index 81f2867..81f2867 100755 --- a/src/haasdaiga/dict2md.sh +++ b/src/dict2md.sh diff --git a/src/example.md b/src/example.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5dd4319 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/example.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +# Examples + +Here are some collections of sample: + +## Translations + +- [XKCD][xkcd] (webcomic) +- Schneewittchen (German fairy tale) +- Le Petit Prince (French novella) +- The Legend of Saint Gióng (Vietnamese legend) + +I would like to translate *A Game of Throne* prologue and some chapters in *The +Lord of the Rings* as well, but since they're not yet in public domain and they +are not published under a free license (e.g. Creative Commons), I would avoid +them for legal reasons, even though such use might be considered as fair use. + +[xkcd]: https://git.disroot.org/huyngo/haasdaiga-xkcd diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/fonts/a.svg b/src/fonts/a.svg index 1b2965c..1b2965c 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/fonts/a.svg +++ b/src/fonts/a.svg diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/fonts/b.svg b/src/fonts/b.svg index 2f4c073..2f4c073 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/fonts/b.svg +++ b/src/fonts/b.svg diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/fonts/c.svg b/src/fonts/c.svg index 98a033c..98a033c 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/fonts/c.svg +++ b/src/fonts/c.svg diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/fonts/ch.svg b/src/fonts/ch.svg index 6590658..6590658 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/fonts/ch.svg +++ b/src/fonts/ch.svg diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/fonts/colon.svg b/src/fonts/colon.svg index 287dbdc..287dbdc 100644 --- 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a/src/haasdaiga/glyph.png +++ b/src/glyph.png Binary files differdiff --git a/src/haasdaiga/constructions/comparison.md b/src/haasdaiga/constructions/comparison.md index 7256bfa..22ef7c7 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/constructions/comparison.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/constructions/comparison.md @@ -1,29 +1 @@ -# Adjectives and comparison - -## Adjectival verbs - -Some verbs play the function adjectives do in other languages. Such verbs -are called *adjectival verbs*. - -In the predicative form, it is used in the same way as other verb. - -> man-nom.mt.sg is_old-ind.prs.cnt -> *The man is old.* - -In the descriptive form, it is attached before the noun without any -conjugation. - -> is_old-man-nom.mt.sg catch-ind.pst.cnt fish-acc.wa.sg -> The old man caught the fish - -## Comparison - -Comparison is done via prefixing. - -### Comparative form - -The comparative form has prefix **jìs**. - -### Superlative form - -The superlative form has prefix **haät**. +# Adjectives and Comparison diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/constructions/index.md b/src/haasdaiga/constructions/index.md index cc646ef..bb2ee1f 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/constructions/index.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/constructions/index.md @@ -1,4 +1 @@ # Constructions - -This section concerns various syntactic constructions. We discuss both -conversational and magical constructions in parallel where relevance. diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/constructions/negation.md b/src/haasdaiga/constructions/negation.md index a4dfb76..3577397 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/constructions/negation.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/constructions/negation.md @@ -1,14 +1 @@ # Negation - -To negate a sentence, simply put the negative adverb in front of the verb. -For each sense of negativity, there is a separate word: - -- not: cèë -- not yet: niï -- never: chon - -Following are the opposite of them: - -- yes: daä -- already: voc -- always: réïn diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/constructions/question.md b/src/haasdaiga/constructions/question.md index 9b383ff..022f473 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/constructions/question.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/constructions/question.md @@ -1,14 +1 @@ # Question - -The preferred word orders are discussed in previous sections. Verbs must be -used in interrogative mood. - -One may have noticed in the Sentence order section that yes/no questions are -formed by adding a negative adverb at the end of the sentence. Here are two -examples with *niï* and *chon*: - -> -> *Have you ever been to the capital?* -> -> -> *Do you really never eat meat?* diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/constructions/sentence-order.md b/src/haasdaiga/constructions/sentence-order.md index 3ca9edc..5305a61 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/constructions/sentence-order.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/constructions/sentence-order.md @@ -1,38 +1 @@ # Sentence order - -In conversation, the sentence order is relatively loose: SVO, OSV, VSO, VOS, -SOV are all used. Particularly, they're preferred to be used like described -below: - -- SVO: when the subject is the topic of the sentence -- OSV: when the object is the topic of the sentence; it's also used as - equivalent for passive voice, which Hàäsdáïga does not have -- VSO: when the verb is the topic, or when the question is about the object -- VOS: when it's a question and it's about the subject -- SOV: when the object is a pronoun, especially a reflexive pronoun. - -Examples: - -> he-nom.ea.sg have-ind.prs.cnt many money-acc.mtl.pl -> *He has a lot of money.* -> -> die-RESULT-acc.wa.sg he-nom.fi.sg not fear-ind.prs.cnt -> *Death, he does not fear.* -> -> curse-int.pst.prf you-nom.wo.sg neck-wearing-acc.mtl.sg not? -> *Did you curse that necklace?* -> -> choose-int.fut.prf you-nom.wo.sg path-acc.ea.sg -> *Which path will you choose?* -> -> pay-int.fut.prf meal-money-acc.mtl.pl who.nom.sg -> *Who will pay for the meal?* -> -> I-nom.fi.sg you-acc.wa.sg love-ind.prs.cnt -> *I love you.* - -While casting magic, the sentence order is always SVO. Here is an example of -air shield spell, which is a very simple one: - -> air-nom.wa.pl flow-rit.prs.cnt.wa and protect-rit.prs.cnt.ea I-acc.wa.sg -> *The air shall flow around me and protect me.* diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/derivation.md b/src/haasdaiga/derivation.md index f144ba2..12b0d3d 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/derivation.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/derivation.md @@ -1,27 +1 @@ # Derivational Morphology - -## Nominalization - -In all following transformations, where a noun has unknown gender mark *-y*, -it is replaced with an ambiguous, idiomatic gender or the gender of a closest -noun that defines it. -In the former case, such words would be listed in the dictionary. - -| category | transformation | examples | -|----------|----------------|----------| -| action | -zy → -sy | chopzy (think) → chopsu (the act of thinking) | -| actor | -zy → -nersy | rypzy (teach) → rypnersy (teacher) | -| result | -zy → -mensy | chopzy (think) → chopmensu (thought), ghószy (draw) → ghósmense (drawing, picture) | -| diminutive| -sy → -zìssy | wuüpsi (dog) → wuüpzìssy (puppy), nùchsa (kid) → nùchzìssa (baby), lìmsi (human) → lìmzìssi (dwarf) | -| augmentative| -sy → gáchsy| lìmsi (human) → lìmgáchsi (giant) | - -## Verbalization - -| category | transformation | examples | -|----------|----------------|----------| -| reverse | V → réc-V | njizy (do) → récnjizy (undo)| -| do again | V → bàn-V | chopzy (think) → bànchopzy (rethink) | - -## Compounds - -TBD diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/example.md b/src/haasdaiga/example.md index 5dd4319..df635b4 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/example.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/example.md @@ -1,17 +1 @@ # Examples - -Here are some collections of sample: - -## Translations - -- [XKCD][xkcd] (webcomic) -- Schneewittchen (German fairy tale) -- Le Petit Prince (French novella) -- The Legend of Saint Gióng (Vietnamese legend) - -I would like to translate *A Game of Throne* prologue and some chapters in *The -Lord of the Rings* as well, but since they're not yet in public domain and they -are not published under a free license (e.g. Creative Commons), I would avoid -them for legal reasons, even though such use might be considered as fair use. - -[xkcd]: https://git.disroot.org/huyngo/haasdaiga-xkcd diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/index.md b/src/haasdaiga/index.md deleted file mode 100644 index 01fc17f..0000000 --- a/src/haasdaiga/index.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ -# Hàäsdáïga - -## In-world background - -Hàäsdáïga is a dead language spoken by ancient people in Gaïdaäna. -In the day, there was only one language in the continent, shared by people from -five peoples: *Wood* farmers, *Fire* hunters, *Earth* monks, *Metal* smiths and -*Water* seafarers. They embraced the philosophy and that reflected in their -languages. They not only used the language to communicate, but also to define -a method with which they could control these five natural forces. - -Later, as these peoples mixed up, their ability to harness these five natural -forces strengthened for some and weakened for the others. Most notably, the -*Metal* and *Water* people lost almost all of this power, and only a minority -could still use it. Science and trade thus became their main strength. On the -other hand, *Fire* and *Wood* people could control it so well, they no longer -needed the language to guide their power. *Earth* monks were the most pure -with this power, but chose to distance themselves from others' affairs. -Naturally, the language was divided into five different languages (and two -pidgins) and the old way of using natural force was forgotten. - -Incidentally, *Arrow*, the son of *Blade* and *Pearl*[^1], re-invented the way. -Born as a child of a Metal mage warrior and a magicless aristocrat in a -science-oriented society, he learned to use one heritage to support the other. -He tried to reconstruct the ancient language and defined a way to use it to combine -his magic ability. Independently, *Iceberg*[^1] also discovered it by reading -old text he was lucky to find - -We are interested in the linguistic features of this language as well as its magical -structure. In this book we discuss both of them. - -[^1]: These names are temporary, but they carry the meaning of their future names. diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/lexicon.md b/src/haasdaiga/lexicon.md index 2209071..80d86bd 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/lexicon.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/lexicon.md @@ -1,412 +1 @@ # Lexicon - -Below are the list of words in the lexicon. They're translated form Hàäsdáïga -to English. - -Abbreviations: - -| abbreviation | meaning | -|--------------|-------------| -| adv. | adverb | -| n. | noun | -| v. | verb | -| pp. | postposition| -| pron. | pronoun | -## A - -**aäratse** - 1. (n.) ash - -## B - - -**bansy** - 1. (pron.) someone - 2. (pron., interrogative), who - -**bissy** - 1. (n.) man - -**bochzo** - 1. (n.) repair - -## C - - -**càhánza** - 1. (v.) give - -**càïzo** - 1. (v.) can - -**cèë** - 1. (interjection) no - 2. (adv.) not - -**chaäswúze** - 1. (v.) to award, to give a prize - -**chát** - 1. (pp.) with - -**chech** - 1. (conj.) but - -**chon** - 1. (adv.) never - -**chónso** - 1. (n.) machine - -**chopmensu** - 1. (n.) thought - -**chopzu** - 1. (v.) think - -**chỳc** - 1. (pp.) near - -**cicso** - 1. (n.) angle - -**cong** - 1. (pp.) opposite of - -**connyzo** - 1. (v.) know (personal) - -**cotsy** - 1. (pron.) somehow - 2. (pron., interrogative) how - -## D - - -**dácza** - 1. (v.) search for - 2. (v.) find - -**daä** - 1. (interjection) yes - 2. (adv.) an emphasizing particle - -**daüza** - 1. (v.) make, create - -**daïnèza** - 1** (v.) help - -**dàm** - 1. (pp.) beyond - -**daänrása** - 1. (n) plant - 2. (n.) tree - -**dún** - 1. (pp.) up - -**dúnjgaso** - 1. (n.) prize - -**dy** - 1. (particle) that (subordinate particle, `<sub>`) - -## F - - -**fá** - 1. (pp.) across, through - -**fènvynsỳ** - 1. (pron., dual, exclusive) we - -**fènsy** - 1. (pron.) I - -**fènvynsỳ** - 1. (pron., dual, inclusive) we - -## G - - -**gaiza** - 1. (v.) start, begin - -**ghósmense** - 1. (n.) drawing, picture - -**ghósze** - 1. (v.) draw - -**gonsi** - 1. (n.) rock, stone - -**gòngze** - 1. (v.) look - -## H - - -**hipsy** - 1. (pron.) somewhen - 2. (pron., interrogative) when - -## J - - -**jaächdynsỳ** - 1. (pron., several, inclusive) we - -**jaächsỳ** - 1. (pron., several, exclusive) we - -**jannase** - 1. (n.) name - -**jinsi** - 1. (n.) day (the time for the planet to complete a rotation) - 2. (n.) date - -**jím** - 1. (pp.) under, below - -**jos** - 1. (pp.) inside - -## L - - -**leë'chanzo** - 1. (v.) calculate - -**lìmsi** - 1. (n.) human - 2. (n.) person - -**lìmgáchsi** - 1. (n.) giant - -**lìmzìssi** - 1. (n.) dwarf - -**lòn** - 1. (pp.) down - -**long** - 1. (pp.) between - -**lúccynsỳ** - 1. (pron., dual) you - -**lúcsy** - 1. (pron., singular) thou - -## M - - -**meëráze** - 1. (v.) love (personal) - -**mèng** - 1. (pp.) in front of - -**mochso** - 1. (n.) net - -**músnech** - 1. (pp.) after - -**mỳfgháä** - 1. (pp.) before - -**mỳsu** - 1. (n.) glass - -## N - - -**naändèsi** - 1. (n.) world - -**néëcsỳ** - 1. (pron., several) you - -**ngèëse** - 1. (n.) day (as opposed to night) - -**ngeënsý** - 1. (pron., plural) you - -**ngỳch** - 1. (pp.) above - -**nìchzi** - 1. (v.) buy - -**niï** - 1. (adv.) not yet - -**njésy** - 1. (n.) woman - -**njizi** - 1. (v.) do - -**njongù** - 1. (pp.) during - -**nùchsa** - 1. (n.) kid, child - -**nùchzìssa** - 1. (n.) baby - -**nunjsu** - 1. (n.) night - -## P - - -**pam** - 1. (pp.) over - -**panatzo** - 1. (v.) to gift, to give something as a present - 2. (v.) to dedicate (to the public) - 3. (v.) to dedicate (to someone, in an art work) - -**púüriza** - 1. to be born - -## R - - -**raäse** - 1. (n.) fire - -**rèëchdynsý** - 1. (pron.) we (plural, inclusive) - -**rèëchsý** - 1. (pron.) we (plural, inclusive) - -**réïn** - 1. (adv.) always, forever - -**ringyso** - 1. (n.) vehicle - -**rung** - 1. (pp.) outside - -**rypnersy** - 1. (n.) teacher - -**rypzi** - 1. (v.) teach - -## S - - -**saändasi** - 1. (n.) city - -**sànj** - 1. (pp.) without - -**sechse** - 1. (n.) gift - -**sés** - 1. (pp.) until - -**siïvỳlmensa** - 1. (n.) life - -**siïvỳlza** - 1. (v.) live - -**siïpzu** - 1. (v.) send - -**synza** - 1. (v.) be new, be young (age) - -**súngsa** - 1. (n.) book - -## T - - -**tèf** - 1. (pp.) behind - -**tèndynsỳ** - 1. (pron., dual) they - -**tènsy** - 1. (pron.) ze (singular third person pronoun) - -**téërense** - 1. (n.) star - -## V - - -**valusa** - 1. (n.) number - -**vamzi** - 1. (v.) stay - -**váp** - 1. (pp.) to - -**vàtsy** - 1. (pron.) somewhere - 2. (pron., interrogative) where - -**vifzi** - 1. (v.) stand - -**voözi** - 1. (v.) be located at (for immobile objects like cities, mountains) - -**voc** - 1. (adv.) already - -**voïczu** - 1. (v.) become - -**vungze** - 1. (v.) happen - -## W - - -**wítzi** - 1. (v.) be (copula) - -**wócsi** - 1. (n.) shop, store, market - -**wuüpsi** - 1. (n.) dog - -**wuüpzìssi** - 1. (n.) puppy - -## Z - - -**zápmỳso** - 1. (n.) mirror - -**zápzu** - 1. (v.) reflect - -**zaätza** - 1. (v.) to say - 2. (v.) to speak diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/morphology/index.md b/src/haasdaiga/morphology/index.md index 4e4debe..96445be 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/morphology/index.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/morphology/index.md @@ -1,4 +1 @@ # Morphology - -This section concerns which forms exist for each category and not how to use them. -That will be covered in the section [Parts of Speech](../pos/index.md). diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/morphology/nominal.md b/src/haasdaiga/morphology/nominal.md index c26f25e..2a21534 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/morphology/nominal.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/morphology/nominal.md @@ -1,36 +1 @@ -## Nominal - -Nominal declension is based on case, gender, and number, in order. Each -parameter is indicated by a phoneme, respectively consonant, vowel, and tone, -effectively forming a syllable. - -### Case - -There are five cases: - -- **nom** nominative: s -- **acc** accusative: n -- **abl** ablative: t -- **dat** dative: d -- **gen** genitive: c - -There is also vocative case, which is unmarked, but this is rarely used. - -### Gender - -There are five genders, named after five phases in wǔxíng: - -- **wo** wood: a -- **fi** fire: e -- **ea** earth: i -- **mt** metal: o -- **wa** water: u -- unknown/mixed: y - -### Number - -There are three numbers: - -- **sg** singular: level tone -- **sv** several: falling tone -- **pl** plural: rising tone +# Nominal diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/morphology/verbal.md b/src/haasdaiga/morphology/verbal.md index c619960..d1c4dc3 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/morphology/verbal.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/morphology/verbal.md @@ -1,36 +1 @@ -## Verbal - -Verbal conjugation are decided by mood, tense, and aspect. -Infinitive verbs all have the ending -zy, which is changed by conjugation. -They are respectively indicated by a vowel, a tone, and a consonant. - -### Mood - -There are five moods: - -- **ind** indicative: a -- **rit** ritual: e -- **int** interrogative: i -- **imp** imperative: o -- **sub** subjunctive: u - -### Tense - -- **pst** past: falling -- **prs** present: level -- **fut** future: rising - -### Aspect - -- **hab** habitual: j -- **cnt** continuous: r -- **prf** perfective: unmarked - -### Gender - -In the ritual mood, another vowel representing verb's gender is added after the -aspect consonant. The vowel is the same as for nominal gender. -Note that it is not uncommon to use ritual mood without gender, such as when -insulting. - -The dictionary form shows this gender even though it is not in ritual mood. +# Verbal diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/phonology.md b/src/haasdaiga/phonology.md index 0685e21..981a724 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/phonology.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/phonology.md @@ -1,79 +1 @@ # Phonology - -<!-- toc --> - -## Consonants - -Main consonants are listed in the table below: - -| | labial | alveolar | palatal | uvular | glottal | -|---------------|--------|----------|---------|-----------|---------| -| **nasal** | m | n | ɲ (*nj*) | ŋ (*n*, *ng*) | | -| **plosive** | p b | t d | | k (*c*) ɡ (*g*) | ʔ | -| **fricative** | f v | s z | | x (*ch*) ɣ (*gh*) | h | -| **sonorant** | w | r l | j | | | - -Notes: - -- *n* is pronounced as /ŋ/ only if it is followed by another consonant -- The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not written. It's implied when a syllable does not - have other consonants (similar to Vietnamese). -- *nj* is pronounced as /ɲ/ even when the two letters are from different words. - The sames go for other digraphs (ng, ch, gh). There is therefore no - ambiguous way of pronouncing a word given a romanization. -- Some dialects may pronounce *s*, *z* as - -## Vowels - -| | front | centre | back | -|-------|-------|--------|------| -| open | i | | u | -| mid | e | ə (*y*)| o | -| close | a | | | - -Note: the schwa sound /ə/ is not written in the native script. However, for -ease of writing on computer, it is romanized as y. Both kýn and ḱn are -acceptable as the romanization for the same syllable. This document is in -favor of using explicit form instead of implicit form. - -### Diphthongs and long vowels - -Long vowels are written as duplicated vowels, with the second character having -a diaresis (for example *aä* is pronounced /aː/). For vowels whose -romanizations contain two characters, the later vowel is duplicated (for -example, long version of *aë* is *aëë*) - -Diphthongs are written similarly. They're listed below: - -- aï /aɪ/ -- aü /aʊ/ -- eï /eɪ/ -- oï /oɪ/ -- uï /uɪ/ - -## Tones - -There are three tones in Hàäsdáïga: - -- level tone (a) /˧˧/ -- rising tone (á) /˧˥/ -- falling tone (à) /˥˩/ - -## Phonotactics - -Syllables in Hàäsdáïga have a simple structure: **CVT(C)** - -The final consonants can't be sonorants, /h/, /ʔ/, and voiced vowels if they -have voiceless equivalents. Other than that, there isn't any constraints. - -There are thus: - -\\( 22 × (6 × 2 + 6 ) × 3 × 11 = 18876 \\) (possible syllables) - -Note: These numbers mean: - -- 22 consonants -- 6 vowels and their long version -- 6 diphthongs -- 3 tones -- 10 final consonants diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/pos/index.md b/src/haasdaiga/pos/index.md index 51c05d0..3950f09 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/pos/index.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/pos/index.md @@ -1,13 +1 @@ # Parts of Speech - -This section concerns the main parts of speech and how they are used. -Note that it does not discuss how they are ordered, which is the content of [Syntax]. - -In this section as well as [Syntax], there will be glosses, indicating how the -sentences are constructed. - -They are written as quotes, in following order: - -- Romanization (in bold) -- Gloss -- English translation (in italic) diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/pos/noun.md b/src/haasdaiga/pos/noun.md index 2c936ce..2ee7f4b 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/pos/noun.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/pos/noun.md @@ -1,87 +1 @@ # Noun - -## Cases - -### Nominative - -The nominative is used for the subject of a sentence and for vocative. - -It is also used as predicative for some verbs: - -- wítzy (be) -- voïczy (become) - -TODO: add examples - -### Accusative - -Accusative case is used for direct object. - -TODO: add examples - -### Ablative - -Ablative case is used to express the motion away from something - -TODO: add examples - -### Dative - -Dative case is used to express the motion to a location, or being at the -location (locative). The meaning is determined by whether the verb takes -object or not. - -TODO: add examples - -### Genitive - -Genitive case is used to express possession or relation. - -> **cibansy wítar súngsa fènci** -> this-nom.sg be.ind.prs.cnt book-nom.wo.sg I-gen.ea.sg -> *This is my book.* -> -> **cisúngsa wítar fènci** -> this-book-nom.wo.sg be.ind.prs.cnt I-gen.ea.sg -> *This book is mine.* - -*Relations* also include relations constructed by postposition. - -> **tènze vamá fèncu chát** -> he-nom.fi.sg stay-ind.fut.prf I-gen.wa.sg with -> *He will stay with me.* -> -> **vifar bissy wócci mèng** -> stand-ind.prs.cnt man-nom.sg shop-gen.ea.sg (in front of) -> *There is a man standing in front of the shop.* - -Genitive is also used for family name, which is placed before the given name. - -## Gender - -### Individuals - -Nouns' gender are arbitrarily assigned, based on the philosophy. -Generally, it is quite intuitive, for example, (tree), (seed), (wood) are wood. -However, there are some cases it is unclear, like (liver) being wood, and even -counter-intuitive, like (flower) being fire. -This is because liver is is controlled by wood in the philosophy, -and flower represents the outburst state which matches more with fire. - -For people, gender is determined by their date of birth (people born in wood -months are wood). For people who can use magic, their magic affinity is their -gender. - -### Mixed groups - -The gender of a group of objects with different genders is determined by the *majority* -group. The majority group is defined as the group with: - -- more than half of the group -- has more than 10 members, if any other group has more than one member. - -## Number - -- singular: zero or one -- several: two to ten, inclusive -- plural: more than ten diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/pos/num.md b/src/haasdaiga/pos/num.md index 305247b..dbeb0fb 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/pos/num.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/pos/num.md @@ -1,33 +1 @@ # Numerals - -| number | cardinal | -|--------|----------| -| 0 | zỳ | -| 1 | jyng | -| 2 | lèn | -| 3 | tys | -| 4 | ngúf | -| 5 | ngit | -| 6 | ghaf | -| 7 | bet | -| 8 | geng | -| 9 | rìch | -| 10 | nonj | -| 100 | ghèp | -| 1000 | lùng | -| 10000 | bif | - -Constructing numbers: - -- 14 = 10 + 4 : nonjngúf -- 143 = 100 + 4 × 10 + 3 : ghèpngúfnonjtys -- 2021 = 2 × 1000 + 0 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 1 : lènlùngzỳghèplènnonjjyng -- 1000000 = 100 × 10000 : ghèpbif - -To construct ordinals, add -se to the number - -21st: lènnonjjyng - -To construct fractions, use it as a wood-gendered noun in genitive case. - -a half: jyng lènca diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/pos/pp.md b/src/haasdaiga/pos/pp.md index 1d6c06f..a7e1845 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/pos/pp.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/pos/pp.md @@ -1,48 +1 @@ # Postposition - -This section list an exhaustive list of postpositions. - -## Location - -| Hàëdáäiga | English | -|-----------|----------| -| jos | inside | -| rung | outside | -| mèng | in front of| -| tèf | behind | -| long | between | -| jím | under, below| -| ngỳch | above | -| dún | up | -| lòn | down | -| váp | next to | -| chỳc | near | -| fá | across, through| -| cong | opposite of | -| dàm | beyond | -| pam | over | - -## Time - -| Hàëdáäiga | English | -|-----------|----------| -| músnech | after | -| mỳfgháä | before | -| sés | until | -| njongù | during | - -## Other - -| Hàëdáäiga | English | -|-----------|---------| -| chát | with | -| sànj | without | -| janj | in order to | - -# Conjunction - - -| Hàëdáäiga | English | -|-----------|---------| -| chech | but | -| nòör | and | diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/pos/pronoun.md b/src/haasdaiga/pos/pronoun.md index da976a8..79e4998 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/pos/pronoun.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/pos/pronoun.md @@ -1,101 +1 @@ # Pronoun - -Pronouns are nominal anaphora, that is, short words that are used to refer to a -noun or a noun phrase. Pronouns usually have nominal morphology, though not -strictly. Pronoun is a closed class. - -## Personal pronouns - -There are 15 personal pronouns in total. Dual pronouns and 1st person -inclusive pronouns are in fact formed by compounding others. - -| person | singular | dual | several | plural | -|--------|----------|----------|---------|----------| -| 1st | fènsy | fènvynsỳ | jaächsỳ | rèëchsý | -| 1st (inclusive) | | fèndynsỳ | jaächdynsỳ | rèëchdynsý | -| 2nd | tènsy | tèndynsỳ | néëcsỳ | ngeënsý | -| 3rd | lúcsy | lúccynsỳ | bóönsỳ | waanjsý | - -### Reflexive - -Reflexive pronouns occur as clitic. They are formed by removing the gender -vowel and number tone from corresponding personal pronoun. - -> **fènsu fèngòngàr zápmỳfo** -> I-nom.wo.sg I-acc-look-ind.pst.cnt mirror-dat.mt.sg -> *I was looking at myself in the mirror.* - -It also works for indirect object: - -> **tènsa tènfnìchá púürijinsechne** -> he-nom.wo.sg he-dat-buy-ind.fut.prf birthday-gift-acc.fi.sg -> *He'll just buy himself a birthday gift.* - -There is a difference between reflexive and reciprocal for plural pronouns. - -> **lúccynsỳ lúcnmeërá'ar** -> you-nom.dual you-acc.sg-love-ind.prs.cnt -> *You love yourselves* -> -> **lúccynsỳ lúccyǹmeërá'ar** -> you-nom.dual you-acc.dual-love-ind.prs.cnt -> *You love each other.* - -Note: there is also a idiomatic use of reflexive pronouns: - -> **fènsu fèncwítar** -> I-nom.wa.sg I-gen-be.ind.prs.cnt -> *I am alone.* -> -> **fènsu fèncbochar ringyno** -> I-nom.wa.sg I-gen-repair.ind.pst.prf vehicle-acc.mt.sg -> *I fixed the car myself.* - -## Indefinite pronouns - -These are indefinite pronouns in Hàäsdáïga: - -- hipsy: somewhen -- vàtsy: somewhere -- cotsy: somehow -- bansy: someone -- wón: which - -Construction of other [pro-forms][pro-forms] are totally regular: - -- It is interrogative when its verb is in interrogative mood. -- Its proximity is determined by a determiner prefix: *ci* (this) *la* (that) -- So are *any*, *all/every*, *other*, with *zòt*, *rýnj*, *púch*, respectively. -- Negative forms are formed by negating the "all/every" form. See [Negation]. -- The equivalent relative pronouns is unchanged. - -[pro-forms]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-form - -Examples: - -TODO: add glosses - -> **vungà las hipfy** -> happen-ind.pst.prf that-nom somewhen-dat -> *It happened at some point*. -> -> **saändasi Aäratraäce voö'ir vàtfy** -> city-nom.ea.sg ember-gen.fi be_located_at-int.prs.cnt somewhere-dat -> *Where is Ember city?* -> -> **wónjannane lúcfi càhánì** -> which-name-acc.fi.sg you-dat.ea.sg give-int.pst.prf -> *What is your name?* -> -> **vifi bansy civàtfy** -> stand-int.prs.cnt someone-nom.sg this-somewhere-dat -> *Is there anyone here?* -> -> **rýnjbansý càï'ar njizy lan** -> every-someone-nom.pl can-ind.prs.cnt do that-acc -> *Everyone can do that.* -> -> **dy njéna bansa lúcna daïnè'à, connar fènsu** -> `<sub>` woman-acc.wo.sg who.nom you-acc.wo.sg help-ind.pst.prf, -> know-ind.prs.cnt I-nom.wa.sg -> *I know the woman who helped you.* diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/pos/verb.md b/src/haasdaiga/pos/verb.md index 818043f..cc3eecb 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/pos/verb.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/pos/verb.md @@ -1,49 +1 @@ # Verb - -## Tense - -There are 3 tenses: past, present, and future. They are used according to -time. - -### Reported speech - -Unlike in English and some other languages, tense is not propagated in reported speech. -Instead, the tense is relative to the time spoken. -For example, if John said to Mary "I will meet you at noon" and now -is after that, you would say: - -> -> John-nom.sg Mary-dat.sg say-ind.pst.prf `<sub>` he-nom.sg her-acc.sg meet-ind.pst.prf -> noon-dat.fi.sg -> *John told Mary he would meet her at noon.* - -If the future is indefinite, it will stays in the future, whether the event has -happened or not. - -> -> he-nom.fi.sg believe-ind.pst.cont `<sub>` she-nom.ea.sg back-come-ind.fut.prf, -> that-acc.sg she-nom.ea.sg do.ind.pst.prf -> *He believed she would come back, and she did.* - -### Narration - -Narration is always present tense, even when the story obviously happened in the past. - -## Mood - -- indicative: the action actually occurs -- interrogative: the action is in the question -- imperative: the action is a command -- subjunctive: the action does not happens, and usually used in conditional or wish -- ritual: the action is the intend of the spellcaster - -Ritual mood is also used for cursing and profanity. In such case, the gender -affix is removed so the speaker does not accidentally cast the actual curse. -Because cursing is quite literal for Hàäsdáïga speakers, it is never used in -the same manner as in the modern society. - -## Aspect - -- habitual: the action happens repeatedly in the period of time -- continuous: the action or the state persists over the duration -- perfective: the action happens once and finished diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/writing.md b/src/haasdaiga/writing.md index c765f3e..b2c3d5a 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/writing.md +++ b/src/haasdaiga/writing.md @@ -1,102 +1 @@ # Writing system - -The native writing system has not been created yet. - -## Glyph structure - -Each syllable is represented by a glyph with a structure as shown here: - - - -When a component in the syllable is missing, the other components expand to -fill up the gap. Long vowel is represented as a horizontal line in the V2 -position. - -Because it requires more than a font to be able to write these glyphs, I cannot -create a font to represent it. There will be a tool to generate svg/png for -generaating glyphs from a word, however. All text samples in this book will be -romanized, from which you can generate the native scripts. - -## Order - -Hàäsdáïga does not have an alphabetic order. -The alphabet order is used for us to more conveniently list words. -The order for letters with tones is level, falling, and rising. - -## Letters - -Letters used to form glyphs are listed in the table below: - -| Latin | Letter | -|-------|--------| -| a |  | -| b |  | -| c |  | -| ch |  | -| d |  | -| e |  | -| f |  | -| g |  | -| gh |  | -| h |  | -| i |  | -| j |  | -| l |  | -| m |  | -| n |  | -| ng |  | -| nj |  | -| o |  | -| p |  | -| r |  | -| s |  | -| t |  | -| u |  | -| v |  | -| w |  | -| y | (empty) | -| z |  | -| long vowel |  | -| rising tone |  | -| falling tone |  | -| level tone | (empty) | -| glottal stop /ʔ/ |  | -| . |  | -| , |  | -| : |  | -| ! |  | -| ? |  | -| ( or “|  | -| ) or ”|  | - -Punctuation usage: - -- Sentence punctuation `. ! ? :` are put at the beginning of the sentence, - rather than the end. -- Colon is considered a sentence punctuation. It is put at the beginning of - the quoted phrase. -- Comma is used in a similar way as in English. -- Brackets are used for both quotation and explanation. In case of quotation, - there should be a colon preceding the phrase. - -# Input for glyph generation - -While this is not a part of the language, in order to generate native script -with the provided tool, one MUST follow this guideline for writing -romanization, which is not the same as the normal romanization guideline. - -- If there is a tone, the schwa `y` must be explicit. That is, never put the - tone on a consonant. -- The second vowel should not come with the diaresis. -- Long vowel should be represented by a tilde `~` rather than duplicating - vowels. -- Always write syllables separately. For example `càhánzy` (to give) must - be written as `cà hán zy`. -- The glottal stop must be explicit. For example `aäratse` (ash) must be - written as `'a~ rat se`. -- Punctuations should be separated from syllables. -- Spaces should be noted with a hyphen. - -The output may look bad; you can blame my poor drawing skills (I did not align -some of the strokes) and the limitation of technology (the letters are -stretched and therefore the thickness is not consistent). diff --git a/src/index.md b/src/index.md index ecc1e41..01fc17f 100644 --- a/src/index.md +++ b/src/index.md @@ -1,13 +1,32 @@ -# Conlangs +# Hàäsdáïga -I am a hobbyist conlanger and this is my collection of conlangs. Unfortunately, -I have not digitize my previous work in a standard way. Either I write it on -phone note or write Word(tm) document (ew) and upload it to Google Drive (ew). -Git is more resilient, and now that I have a convenient way of syncing between -my devices without cloud, hopefully it will be the final version. +## In-world background -Currently, I am working on Hàäsdáïga, a synthetic language influenced by -[wǔxíng][wuxing] philosophy. I am also considering building a genderless, -isolated language after this one. +Hàäsdáïga is a dead language spoken by ancient people in Gaïdaäna. +In the day, there was only one language in the continent, shared by people from +five peoples: *Wood* farmers, *Fire* hunters, *Earth* monks, *Metal* smiths and +*Water* seafarers. They embraced the philosophy and that reflected in their +languages. They not only used the language to communicate, but also to define +a method with which they could control these five natural forces. -[wuxing]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy) +Later, as these peoples mixed up, their ability to harness these five natural +forces strengthened for some and weakened for the others. Most notably, the +*Metal* and *Water* people lost almost all of this power, and only a minority +could still use it. Science and trade thus became their main strength. On the +other hand, *Fire* and *Wood* people could control it so well, they no longer +needed the language to guide their power. *Earth* monks were the most pure +with this power, but chose to distance themselves from others' affairs. +Naturally, the language was divided into five different languages (and two +pidgins) and the old way of using natural force was forgotten. + +Incidentally, *Arrow*, the son of *Blade* and *Pearl*[^1], re-invented the way. +Born as a child of a Metal mage warrior and a magicless aristocrat in a +science-oriented society, he learned to use one heritage to support the other. +He tried to reconstruct the ancient language and defined a way to use it to combine +his magic ability. Independently, *Iceberg*[^1] also discovered it by reading +old text he was lucky to find + +We are interested in the linguistic features of this language as well as its magical +structure. In this book we discuss both of them. + +[^1]: These names are temporary, but they carry the meaning of their future names. diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/lexicon.dict.txt b/src/lexicon.dict.txt index 82a4823..82a4823 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/lexicon.dict.txt +++ b/src/lexicon.dict.txt diff --git a/src/lexicon.md b/src/lexicon.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2209071 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/lexicon.md @@ -0,0 +1,412 @@ +# Lexicon + +Below are the list of words in the lexicon. They're translated form Hàäsdáïga +to English. + +Abbreviations: + +| abbreviation | meaning | +|--------------|-------------| +| adv. | adverb | +| n. | noun | +| v. | verb | +| pp. | postposition| +| pron. | pronoun | +## A + +**aäratse** + 1. (n.) ash + +## B + + +**bansy** + 1. (pron.) someone + 2. (pron., interrogative), who + +**bissy** + 1. (n.) man + +**bochzo** + 1. (n.) repair + +## C + + +**càhánza** + 1. (v.) give + +**càïzo** + 1. (v.) can + +**cèë** + 1. (interjection) no + 2. (adv.) not + +**chaäswúze** + 1. (v.) to award, to give a prize + +**chát** + 1. (pp.) with + +**chech** + 1. (conj.) but + +**chon** + 1. (adv.) never + +**chónso** + 1. (n.) machine + +**chopmensu** + 1. (n.) thought + +**chopzu** + 1. (v.) think + +**chỳc** + 1. (pp.) near + +**cicso** + 1. (n.) angle + +**cong** + 1. (pp.) opposite of + +**connyzo** + 1. (v.) know (personal) + +**cotsy** + 1. (pron.) somehow + 2. (pron., interrogative) how + +## D + + +**dácza** + 1. (v.) search for + 2. (v.) find + +**daä** + 1. (interjection) yes + 2. (adv.) an emphasizing particle + +**daüza** + 1. (v.) make, create + +**daïnèza** + 1** (v.) help + +**dàm** + 1. (pp.) beyond + +**daänrása** + 1. (n) plant + 2. (n.) tree + +**dún** + 1. (pp.) up + +**dúnjgaso** + 1. (n.) prize + +**dy** + 1. (particle) that (subordinate particle, `<sub>`) + +## F + + +**fá** + 1. (pp.) across, through + +**fènvynsỳ** + 1. (pron., dual, exclusive) we + +**fènsy** + 1. (pron.) I + +**fènvynsỳ** + 1. (pron., dual, inclusive) we + +## G + + +**gaiza** + 1. (v.) start, begin + +**ghósmense** + 1. (n.) drawing, picture + +**ghósze** + 1. (v.) draw + +**gonsi** + 1. (n.) rock, stone + +**gòngze** + 1. (v.) look + +## H + + +**hipsy** + 1. (pron.) somewhen + 2. (pron., interrogative) when + +## J + + +**jaächdynsỳ** + 1. (pron., several, inclusive) we + +**jaächsỳ** + 1. (pron., several, exclusive) we + +**jannase** + 1. (n.) name + +**jinsi** + 1. (n.) day (the time for the planet to complete a rotation) + 2. (n.) date + +**jím** + 1. (pp.) under, below + +**jos** + 1. (pp.) inside + +## L + + +**leë'chanzo** + 1. (v.) calculate + +**lìmsi** + 1. (n.) human + 2. (n.) person + +**lìmgáchsi** + 1. (n.) giant + +**lìmzìssi** + 1. (n.) dwarf + +**lòn** + 1. (pp.) down + +**long** + 1. (pp.) between + +**lúccynsỳ** + 1. (pron., dual) you + +**lúcsy** + 1. (pron., singular) thou + +## M + + +**meëráze** + 1. (v.) love (personal) + +**mèng** + 1. (pp.) in front of + +**mochso** + 1. (n.) net + +**músnech** + 1. (pp.) after + +**mỳfgháä** + 1. (pp.) before + +**mỳsu** + 1. (n.) glass + +## N + + +**naändèsi** + 1. (n.) world + +**néëcsỳ** + 1. (pron., several) you + +**ngèëse** + 1. (n.) day (as opposed to night) + +**ngeënsý** + 1. (pron., plural) you + +**ngỳch** + 1. (pp.) above + +**nìchzi** + 1. (v.) buy + +**niï** + 1. (adv.) not yet + +**njésy** + 1. (n.) woman + +**njizi** + 1. (v.) do + +**njongù** + 1. (pp.) during + +**nùchsa** + 1. (n.) kid, child + +**nùchzìssa** + 1. (n.) baby + +**nunjsu** + 1. (n.) night + +## P + + +**pam** + 1. (pp.) over + +**panatzo** + 1. (v.) to gift, to give something as a present + 2. (v.) to dedicate (to the public) + 3. (v.) to dedicate (to someone, in an art work) + +**púüriza** + 1. to be born + +## R + + +**raäse** + 1. (n.) fire + +**rèëchdynsý** + 1. (pron.) we (plural, inclusive) + +**rèëchsý** + 1. (pron.) we (plural, inclusive) + +**réïn** + 1. (adv.) always, forever + +**ringyso** + 1. (n.) vehicle + +**rung** + 1. (pp.) outside + +**rypnersy** + 1. (n.) teacher + +**rypzi** + 1. (v.) teach + +## S + + +**saändasi** + 1. (n.) city + +**sànj** + 1. (pp.) without + +**sechse** + 1. (n.) gift + +**sés** + 1. (pp.) until + +**siïvỳlmensa** + 1. (n.) life + +**siïvỳlza** + 1. (v.) live + +**siïpzu** + 1. (v.) send + +**synza** + 1. (v.) be new, be young (age) + +**súngsa** + 1. (n.) book + +## T + + +**tèf** + 1. (pp.) behind + +**tèndynsỳ** + 1. (pron., dual) they + +**tènsy** + 1. (pron.) ze (singular third person pronoun) + +**téërense** + 1. (n.) star + +## V + + +**valusa** + 1. (n.) number + +**vamzi** + 1. (v.) stay + +**váp** + 1. (pp.) to + +**vàtsy** + 1. (pron.) somewhere + 2. (pron., interrogative) where + +**vifzi** + 1. (v.) stand + +**voözi** + 1. (v.) be located at (for immobile objects like cities, mountains) + +**voc** + 1. (adv.) already + +**voïczu** + 1. (v.) become + +**vungze** + 1. (v.) happen + +## W + + +**wítzi** + 1. (v.) be (copula) + +**wócsi** + 1. (n.) shop, store, market + +**wuüpsi** + 1. (n.) dog + +**wuüpzìssi** + 1. (n.) puppy + +## Z + + +**zápmỳso** + 1. (n.) mirror + +**zápzu** + 1. (v.) reflect + +**zaätza** + 1. (v.) to say + 2. (v.) to speak diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/lexicon.template.md b/src/lexicon.template.md index fbe60ea..fbe60ea 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/lexicon.template.md +++ b/src/lexicon.template.md diff --git a/src/morphology/index.md b/src/morphology/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e4debe --- /dev/null +++ b/src/morphology/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +# Morphology + +This section concerns which forms exist for each category and not how to use them. +That will be covered in the section [Parts of Speech](../pos/index.md). diff --git a/src/morphology/nominal.md b/src/morphology/nominal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c26f25e --- /dev/null +++ b/src/morphology/nominal.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +## Nominal + +Nominal declension is based on case, gender, and number, in order. Each +parameter is indicated by a phoneme, respectively consonant, vowel, and tone, +effectively forming a syllable. + +### Case + +There are five cases: + +- **nom** nominative: s +- **acc** accusative: n +- **abl** ablative: t +- **dat** dative: d +- **gen** genitive: c + +There is also vocative case, which is unmarked, but this is rarely used. + +### Gender + +There are five genders, named after five phases in wǔxíng: + +- **wo** wood: a +- **fi** fire: e +- **ea** earth: i +- **mt** metal: o +- **wa** water: u +- unknown/mixed: y + +### Number + +There are three numbers: + +- **sg** singular: level tone +- **sv** several: falling tone +- **pl** plural: rising tone diff --git a/src/morphology/verbal.md b/src/morphology/verbal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c619960 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/morphology/verbal.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +## Verbal + +Verbal conjugation are decided by mood, tense, and aspect. +Infinitive verbs all have the ending -zy, which is changed by conjugation. +They are respectively indicated by a vowel, a tone, and a consonant. + +### Mood + +There are five moods: + +- **ind** indicative: a +- **rit** ritual: e +- **int** interrogative: i +- **imp** imperative: o +- **sub** subjunctive: u + +### Tense + +- **pst** past: falling +- **prs** present: level +- **fut** future: rising + +### Aspect + +- **hab** habitual: j +- **cnt** continuous: r +- **prf** perfective: unmarked + +### Gender + +In the ritual mood, another vowel representing verb's gender is added after the +aspect consonant. The vowel is the same as for nominal gender. +Note that it is not uncommon to use ritual mood without gender, such as when +insulting. + +The dictionary form shows this gender even though it is not in ritual mood. diff --git a/src/phonology.md b/src/phonology.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0685e21 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/phonology.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +# Phonology + +<!-- toc --> + +## Consonants + +Main consonants are listed in the table below: + +| | labial | alveolar | palatal | uvular | glottal | +|---------------|--------|----------|---------|-----------|---------| +| **nasal** | m | n | ɲ (*nj*) | ŋ (*n*, *ng*) | | +| **plosive** | p b | t d | | k (*c*) ɡ (*g*) | ʔ | +| **fricative** | f v | s z | | x (*ch*) ɣ (*gh*) | h | +| **sonorant** | w | r l | j | | | + +Notes: + +- *n* is pronounced as /ŋ/ only if it is followed by another consonant +- The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not written. It's implied when a syllable does not + have other consonants (similar to Vietnamese). +- *nj* is pronounced as /ɲ/ even when the two letters are from different words. + The sames go for other digraphs (ng, ch, gh). There is therefore no + ambiguous way of pronouncing a word given a romanization. +- Some dialects may pronounce *s*, *z* as + +## Vowels + +| | front | centre | back | +|-------|-------|--------|------| +| open | i | | u | +| mid | e | ə (*y*)| o | +| close | a | | | + +Note: the schwa sound /ə/ is not written in the native script. However, for +ease of writing on computer, it is romanized as y. Both kýn and ḱn are +acceptable as the romanization for the same syllable. This document is in +favor of using explicit form instead of implicit form. + +### Diphthongs and long vowels + +Long vowels are written as duplicated vowels, with the second character having +a diaresis (for example *aä* is pronounced /aː/). For vowels whose +romanizations contain two characters, the later vowel is duplicated (for +example, long version of *aë* is *aëë*) + +Diphthongs are written similarly. They're listed below: + +- aï /aɪ/ +- aü /aʊ/ +- eï /eɪ/ +- oï /oɪ/ +- uï /uɪ/ + +## Tones + +There are three tones in Hàäsdáïga: + +- level tone (a) /˧˧/ +- rising tone (á) /˧˥/ +- falling tone (à) /˥˩/ + +## Phonotactics + +Syllables in Hàäsdáïga have a simple structure: **CVT(C)** + +The final consonants can't be sonorants, /h/, /ʔ/, and voiced vowels if they +have voiceless equivalents. Other than that, there isn't any constraints. + +There are thus: + +\\( 22 × (6 × 2 + 6 ) × 3 × 11 = 18876 \\) (possible syllables) + +Note: These numbers mean: + +- 22 consonants +- 6 vowels and their long version +- 6 diphthongs +- 3 tones +- 10 final consonants diff --git a/src/pos/index.md b/src/pos/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51c05d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# Parts of Speech + +This section concerns the main parts of speech and how they are used. +Note that it does not discuss how they are ordered, which is the content of [Syntax]. + +In this section as well as [Syntax], there will be glosses, indicating how the +sentences are constructed. + +They are written as quotes, in following order: + +- Romanization (in bold) +- Gloss +- English translation (in italic) diff --git a/src/pos/noun.md b/src/pos/noun.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c936ce --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/noun.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +# Noun + +## Cases + +### Nominative + +The nominative is used for the subject of a sentence and for vocative. + +It is also used as predicative for some verbs: + +- wítzy (be) +- voïczy (become) + +TODO: add examples + +### Accusative + +Accusative case is used for direct object. + +TODO: add examples + +### Ablative + +Ablative case is used to express the motion away from something + +TODO: add examples + +### Dative + +Dative case is used to express the motion to a location, or being at the +location (locative). The meaning is determined by whether the verb takes +object or not. + +TODO: add examples + +### Genitive + +Genitive case is used to express possession or relation. + +> **cibansy wítar súngsa fènci** +> this-nom.sg be.ind.prs.cnt book-nom.wo.sg I-gen.ea.sg +> *This is my book.* +> +> **cisúngsa wítar fènci** +> this-book-nom.wo.sg be.ind.prs.cnt I-gen.ea.sg +> *This book is mine.* + +*Relations* also include relations constructed by postposition. + +> **tènze vamá fèncu chát** +> he-nom.fi.sg stay-ind.fut.prf I-gen.wa.sg with +> *He will stay with me.* +> +> **vifar bissy wócci mèng** +> stand-ind.prs.cnt man-nom.sg shop-gen.ea.sg (in front of) +> *There is a man standing in front of the shop.* + +Genitive is also used for family name, which is placed before the given name. + +## Gender + +### Individuals + +Nouns' gender are arbitrarily assigned, based on the philosophy. +Generally, it is quite intuitive, for example, (tree), (seed), (wood) are wood. +However, there are some cases it is unclear, like (liver) being wood, and even +counter-intuitive, like (flower) being fire. +This is because liver is is controlled by wood in the philosophy, +and flower represents the outburst state which matches more with fire. + +For people, gender is determined by their date of birth (people born in wood +months are wood). For people who can use magic, their magic affinity is their +gender. + +### Mixed groups + +The gender of a group of objects with different genders is determined by the *majority* +group. The majority group is defined as the group with: + +- more than half of the group +- has more than 10 members, if any other group has more than one member. + +## Number + +- singular: zero or one +- several: two to ten, inclusive +- plural: more than ten diff --git a/src/pos/num.md b/src/pos/num.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..305247b --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/num.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +# Numerals + +| number | cardinal | +|--------|----------| +| 0 | zỳ | +| 1 | jyng | +| 2 | lèn | +| 3 | tys | +| 4 | ngúf | +| 5 | ngit | +| 6 | ghaf | +| 7 | bet | +| 8 | geng | +| 9 | rìch | +| 10 | nonj | +| 100 | ghèp | +| 1000 | lùng | +| 10000 | bif | + +Constructing numbers: + +- 14 = 10 + 4 : nonjngúf +- 143 = 100 + 4 × 10 + 3 : ghèpngúfnonjtys +- 2021 = 2 × 1000 + 0 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 1 : lènlùngzỳghèplènnonjjyng +- 1000000 = 100 × 10000 : ghèpbif + +To construct ordinals, add -se to the number + +21st: lènnonjjyng + +To construct fractions, use it as a wood-gendered noun in genitive case. + +a half: jyng lènca diff --git a/src/pos/pp.md b/src/pos/pp.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d6c06f --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/pp.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +# Postposition + +This section list an exhaustive list of postpositions. + +## Location + +| Hàëdáäiga | English | +|-----------|----------| +| jos | inside | +| rung | outside | +| mèng | in front of| +| tèf | behind | +| long | between | +| jím | under, below| +| ngỳch | above | +| dún | up | +| lòn | down | +| váp | next to | +| chỳc | near | +| fá | across, through| +| cong | opposite of | +| dàm | beyond | +| pam | over | + +## Time + +| Hàëdáäiga | English | +|-----------|----------| +| músnech | after | +| mỳfgháä | before | +| sés | until | +| njongù | during | + +## Other + +| Hàëdáäiga | English | +|-----------|---------| +| chát | with | +| sànj | without | +| janj | in order to | + +# Conjunction + + +| Hàëdáäiga | English | +|-----------|---------| +| chech | but | +| nòör | and | diff --git a/src/pos/pronoun.md b/src/pos/pronoun.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da976a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/pronoun.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +# Pronoun + +Pronouns are nominal anaphora, that is, short words that are used to refer to a +noun or a noun phrase. Pronouns usually have nominal morphology, though not +strictly. Pronoun is a closed class. + +## Personal pronouns + +There are 15 personal pronouns in total. Dual pronouns and 1st person +inclusive pronouns are in fact formed by compounding others. + +| person | singular | dual | several | plural | +|--------|----------|----------|---------|----------| +| 1st | fènsy | fènvynsỳ | jaächsỳ | rèëchsý | +| 1st (inclusive) | | fèndynsỳ | jaächdynsỳ | rèëchdynsý | +| 2nd | tènsy | tèndynsỳ | néëcsỳ | ngeënsý | +| 3rd | lúcsy | lúccynsỳ | bóönsỳ | waanjsý | + +### Reflexive + +Reflexive pronouns occur as clitic. They are formed by removing the gender +vowel and number tone from corresponding personal pronoun. + +> **fènsu fèngòngàr zápmỳfo** +> I-nom.wo.sg I-acc-look-ind.pst.cnt mirror-dat.mt.sg +> *I was looking at myself in the mirror.* + +It also works for indirect object: + +> **tènsa tènfnìchá púürijinsechne** +> he-nom.wo.sg he-dat-buy-ind.fut.prf birthday-gift-acc.fi.sg +> *He'll just buy himself a birthday gift.* + +There is a difference between reflexive and reciprocal for plural pronouns. + +> **lúccynsỳ lúcnmeërá'ar** +> you-nom.dual you-acc.sg-love-ind.prs.cnt +> *You love yourselves* +> +> **lúccynsỳ lúccyǹmeërá'ar** +> you-nom.dual you-acc.dual-love-ind.prs.cnt +> *You love each other.* + +Note: there is also a idiomatic use of reflexive pronouns: + +> **fènsu fèncwítar** +> I-nom.wa.sg I-gen-be.ind.prs.cnt +> *I am alone.* +> +> **fènsu fèncbochar ringyno** +> I-nom.wa.sg I-gen-repair.ind.pst.prf vehicle-acc.mt.sg +> *I fixed the car myself.* + +## Indefinite pronouns + +These are indefinite pronouns in Hàäsdáïga: + +- hipsy: somewhen +- vàtsy: somewhere +- cotsy: somehow +- bansy: someone +- wón: which + +Construction of other [pro-forms][pro-forms] are totally regular: + +- It is interrogative when its verb is in interrogative mood. +- Its proximity is determined by a determiner prefix: *ci* (this) *la* (that) +- So are *any*, *all/every*, *other*, with *zòt*, *rýnj*, *púch*, respectively. +- Negative forms are formed by negating the "all/every" form. See [Negation]. +- The equivalent relative pronouns is unchanged. + +[pro-forms]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-form + +Examples: + +TODO: add glosses + +> **vungà las hipfy** +> happen-ind.pst.prf that-nom somewhen-dat +> *It happened at some point*. +> +> **saändasi Aäratraäce voö'ir vàtfy** +> city-nom.ea.sg ember-gen.fi be_located_at-int.prs.cnt somewhere-dat +> *Where is Ember city?* +> +> **wónjannane lúcfi càhánì** +> which-name-acc.fi.sg you-dat.ea.sg give-int.pst.prf +> *What is your name?* +> +> **vifi bansy civàtfy** +> stand-int.prs.cnt someone-nom.sg this-somewhere-dat +> *Is there anyone here?* +> +> **rýnjbansý càï'ar njizy lan** +> every-someone-nom.pl can-ind.prs.cnt do that-acc +> *Everyone can do that.* +> +> **dy njéna bansa lúcna daïnè'à, connar fènsu** +> `<sub>` woman-acc.wo.sg who.nom you-acc.wo.sg help-ind.pst.prf, +> know-ind.prs.cnt I-nom.wa.sg +> *I know the woman who helped you.* diff --git a/src/pos/verb.md b/src/pos/verb.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..818043f --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/verb.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +# Verb + +## Tense + +There are 3 tenses: past, present, and future. They are used according to +time. + +### Reported speech + +Unlike in English and some other languages, tense is not propagated in reported speech. +Instead, the tense is relative to the time spoken. +For example, if John said to Mary "I will meet you at noon" and now +is after that, you would say: + +> +> John-nom.sg Mary-dat.sg say-ind.pst.prf `<sub>` he-nom.sg her-acc.sg meet-ind.pst.prf +> noon-dat.fi.sg +> *John told Mary he would meet her at noon.* + +If the future is indefinite, it will stays in the future, whether the event has +happened or not. + +> +> he-nom.fi.sg believe-ind.pst.cont `<sub>` she-nom.ea.sg back-come-ind.fut.prf, +> that-acc.sg she-nom.ea.sg do.ind.pst.prf +> *He believed she would come back, and she did.* + +### Narration + +Narration is always present tense, even when the story obviously happened in the past. + +## Mood + +- indicative: the action actually occurs +- interrogative: the action is in the question +- imperative: the action is a command +- subjunctive: the action does not happens, and usually used in conditional or wish +- ritual: the action is the intend of the spellcaster + +Ritual mood is also used for cursing and profanity. In such case, the gender +affix is removed so the speaker does not accidentally cast the actual curse. +Because cursing is quite literal for Hàäsdáïga speakers, it is never used in +the same manner as in the modern society. + +## Aspect + +- habitual: the action happens repeatedly in the period of time +- continuous: the action or the state persists over the duration +- perfective: the action happens once and finished diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/semantics/expressions.md b/src/semantics/expressions.md index c663f48..c663f48 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/semantics/expressions.md +++ b/src/semantics/expressions.md diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/semantics/name.md b/src/semantics/name.md index aeb0bff..aeb0bff 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/semantics/name.md +++ b/src/semantics/name.md diff --git a/src/haasdaiga/semantics/time.md b/src/semantics/time.md index fac4378..fac4378 100644 --- a/src/haasdaiga/semantics/time.md +++ b/src/semantics/time.md diff --git a/src/writing.md b/src/writing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c765f3e --- /dev/null +++ b/src/writing.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +# Writing system + +The native writing system has not been created yet. + +## Glyph structure + +Each syllable is represented by a glyph with a structure as shown here: + + + +When a component in the syllable is missing, the other components expand to +fill up the gap. Long vowel is represented as a horizontal line in the V2 +position. + +Because it requires more than a font to be able to write these glyphs, I cannot +create a font to represent it. There will be a tool to generate svg/png for +generaating glyphs from a word, however. All text samples in this book will be +romanized, from which you can generate the native scripts. + +## Order + +Hàäsdáïga does not have an alphabetic order. +The alphabet order is used for us to more conveniently list words. +The order for letters with tones is level, falling, and rising. + +## Letters + +Letters used to form glyphs are listed in the table below: + +| Latin | Letter | +|-------|--------| +| a |  | +| b |  | +| c |  | +| ch |  | +| d |  | +| e |  | +| f |  | +| g |  | +| gh |  | +| h |  | +| i |  | +| j |  | +| l |  | +| m |  | +| n |  | +| ng |  | +| nj |  | +| o |  | +| p |  | +| r |  | +| s |  | +| t |  | +| u |  | +| v |  | +| w |  | +| y | (empty) | +| z |  | +| long vowel |  | +| rising tone |  | +| falling tone |  | +| level tone | (empty) | +| glottal stop /ʔ/ |  | +| . |  | +| , |  | +| : |  | +| ! |  | +| ? |  | +| ( or “|  | +| ) or ”|  | + +Punctuation usage: + +- Sentence punctuation `. ! ? :` are put at the beginning of the sentence, + rather than the end. +- Colon is considered a sentence punctuation. It is put at the beginning of + the quoted phrase. +- Comma is used in a similar way as in English. +- Brackets are used for both quotation and explanation. In case of quotation, + there should be a colon preceding the phrase. + +# Input for glyph generation + +While this is not a part of the language, in order to generate native script +with the provided tool, one MUST follow this guideline for writing +romanization, which is not the same as the normal romanization guideline. + +- If there is a tone, the schwa `y` must be explicit. That is, never put the + tone on a consonant. +- The second vowel should not come with the diaresis. +- Long vowel should be represented by a tilde `~` rather than duplicating + vowels. +- Always write syllables separately. For example `càhánzy` (to give) must + be written as `cà hán zy`. +- The glottal stop must be explicit. For example `aäratse` (ash) must be + written as `'a~ rat se`. +- Punctuations should be separated from syllables. +- Spaces should be noted with a hyphen. + +The output may look bad; you can blame my poor drawing skills (I did not align +some of the strokes) and the limitation of technology (the letters are +stretched and therefore the thickness is not consistent). |
