diff options
author | Ngô Ngọc Đức Huy <huyngo@disroot.org> | 2021-10-19 17:09:31 +0700 |
---|---|---|
committer | Ngô Ngọc Đức Huy <huyngo@disroot.org> | 2021-10-19 17:09:31 +0700 |
commit | 846b7b2d19a9ebb6c2b5c005ffbae73cfb6f4cea (patch) | |
tree | d5f40b730ac3e956bffbd9275eff4590f579bb2f /src/pos | |
parent | d94e088d654b4ee5e31a10edd54b13919aa2fe61 (diff) | |
download | haasdaiga-846b7b2d19a9ebb6c2b5c005ffbae73cfb6f4cea.tar.gz |
Make this repo about one language
Diffstat (limited to 'src/pos')
-rw-r--r-- | src/pos/index.md | 13 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pos/noun.md | 87 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pos/num.md | 33 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pos/pp.md | 48 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pos/pronoun.md | 101 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | src/pos/verb.md | 49 |
6 files changed, 331 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/src/pos/index.md b/src/pos/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51c05d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# Parts of Speech + +This section concerns the main parts of speech and how they are used. +Note that it does not discuss how they are ordered, which is the content of [Syntax]. + +In this section as well as [Syntax], there will be glosses, indicating how the +sentences are constructed. + +They are written as quotes, in following order: + +- Romanization (in bold) +- Gloss +- English translation (in italic) diff --git a/src/pos/noun.md b/src/pos/noun.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c936ce --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/noun.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +# Noun + +## Cases + +### Nominative + +The nominative is used for the subject of a sentence and for vocative. + +It is also used as predicative for some verbs: + +- wítzy (be) +- voïczy (become) + +TODO: add examples + +### Accusative + +Accusative case is used for direct object. + +TODO: add examples + +### Ablative + +Ablative case is used to express the motion away from something + +TODO: add examples + +### Dative + +Dative case is used to express the motion to a location, or being at the +location (locative). The meaning is determined by whether the verb takes +object or not. + +TODO: add examples + +### Genitive + +Genitive case is used to express possession or relation. + +> **cibansy wítar súngsa fènci** +> this-nom.sg be.ind.prs.cnt book-nom.wo.sg I-gen.ea.sg +> *This is my book.* +> +> **cisúngsa wítar fènci** +> this-book-nom.wo.sg be.ind.prs.cnt I-gen.ea.sg +> *This book is mine.* + +*Relations* also include relations constructed by postposition. + +> **tènze vamá fèncu chát** +> he-nom.fi.sg stay-ind.fut.prf I-gen.wa.sg with +> *He will stay with me.* +> +> **vifar bissy wócci mèng** +> stand-ind.prs.cnt man-nom.sg shop-gen.ea.sg (in front of) +> *There is a man standing in front of the shop.* + +Genitive is also used for family name, which is placed before the given name. + +## Gender + +### Individuals + +Nouns' gender are arbitrarily assigned, based on the philosophy. +Generally, it is quite intuitive, for example, (tree), (seed), (wood) are wood. +However, there are some cases it is unclear, like (liver) being wood, and even +counter-intuitive, like (flower) being fire. +This is because liver is is controlled by wood in the philosophy, +and flower represents the outburst state which matches more with fire. + +For people, gender is determined by their date of birth (people born in wood +months are wood). For people who can use magic, their magic affinity is their +gender. + +### Mixed groups + +The gender of a group of objects with different genders is determined by the *majority* +group. The majority group is defined as the group with: + +- more than half of the group +- has more than 10 members, if any other group has more than one member. + +## Number + +- singular: zero or one +- several: two to ten, inclusive +- plural: more than ten diff --git a/src/pos/num.md b/src/pos/num.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..305247b --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/num.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +# Numerals + +| number | cardinal | +|--------|----------| +| 0 | zỳ | +| 1 | jyng | +| 2 | lèn | +| 3 | tys | +| 4 | ngúf | +| 5 | ngit | +| 6 | ghaf | +| 7 | bet | +| 8 | geng | +| 9 | rìch | +| 10 | nonj | +| 100 | ghèp | +| 1000 | lùng | +| 10000 | bif | + +Constructing numbers: + +- 14 = 10 + 4 : nonjngúf +- 143 = 100 + 4 × 10 + 3 : ghèpngúfnonjtys +- 2021 = 2 × 1000 + 0 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 1 : lènlùngzỳghèplènnonjjyng +- 1000000 = 100 × 10000 : ghèpbif + +To construct ordinals, add -se to the number + +21st: lènnonjjyng + +To construct fractions, use it as a wood-gendered noun in genitive case. + +a half: jyng lènca diff --git a/src/pos/pp.md b/src/pos/pp.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d6c06f --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/pp.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +# Postposition + +This section list an exhaustive list of postpositions. + +## Location + +| Hàëdáäiga | English | +|-----------|----------| +| jos | inside | +| rung | outside | +| mèng | in front of| +| tèf | behind | +| long | between | +| jím | under, below| +| ngỳch | above | +| dún | up | +| lòn | down | +| váp | next to | +| chỳc | near | +| fá | across, through| +| cong | opposite of | +| dàm | beyond | +| pam | over | + +## Time + +| Hàëdáäiga | English | +|-----------|----------| +| músnech | after | +| mỳfgháä | before | +| sés | until | +| njongù | during | + +## Other + +| Hàëdáäiga | English | +|-----------|---------| +| chát | with | +| sànj | without | +| janj | in order to | + +# Conjunction + + +| Hàëdáäiga | English | +|-----------|---------| +| chech | but | +| nòör | and | diff --git a/src/pos/pronoun.md b/src/pos/pronoun.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da976a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/pronoun.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +# Pronoun + +Pronouns are nominal anaphora, that is, short words that are used to refer to a +noun or a noun phrase. Pronouns usually have nominal morphology, though not +strictly. Pronoun is a closed class. + +## Personal pronouns + +There are 15 personal pronouns in total. Dual pronouns and 1st person +inclusive pronouns are in fact formed by compounding others. + +| person | singular | dual | several | plural | +|--------|----------|----------|---------|----------| +| 1st | fènsy | fènvynsỳ | jaächsỳ | rèëchsý | +| 1st (inclusive) | | fèndynsỳ | jaächdynsỳ | rèëchdynsý | +| 2nd | tènsy | tèndynsỳ | néëcsỳ | ngeënsý | +| 3rd | lúcsy | lúccynsỳ | bóönsỳ | waanjsý | + +### Reflexive + +Reflexive pronouns occur as clitic. They are formed by removing the gender +vowel and number tone from corresponding personal pronoun. + +> **fènsu fèngòngàr zápmỳfo** +> I-nom.wo.sg I-acc-look-ind.pst.cnt mirror-dat.mt.sg +> *I was looking at myself in the mirror.* + +It also works for indirect object: + +> **tènsa tènfnìchá púürijinsechne** +> he-nom.wo.sg he-dat-buy-ind.fut.prf birthday-gift-acc.fi.sg +> *He'll just buy himself a birthday gift.* + +There is a difference between reflexive and reciprocal for plural pronouns. + +> **lúccynsỳ lúcnmeërá'ar** +> you-nom.dual you-acc.sg-love-ind.prs.cnt +> *You love yourselves* +> +> **lúccynsỳ lúccyǹmeërá'ar** +> you-nom.dual you-acc.dual-love-ind.prs.cnt +> *You love each other.* + +Note: there is also a idiomatic use of reflexive pronouns: + +> **fènsu fèncwítar** +> I-nom.wa.sg I-gen-be.ind.prs.cnt +> *I am alone.* +> +> **fènsu fèncbochar ringyno** +> I-nom.wa.sg I-gen-repair.ind.pst.prf vehicle-acc.mt.sg +> *I fixed the car myself.* + +## Indefinite pronouns + +These are indefinite pronouns in Hàäsdáïga: + +- hipsy: somewhen +- vàtsy: somewhere +- cotsy: somehow +- bansy: someone +- wón: which + +Construction of other [pro-forms][pro-forms] are totally regular: + +- It is interrogative when its verb is in interrogative mood. +- Its proximity is determined by a determiner prefix: *ci* (this) *la* (that) +- So are *any*, *all/every*, *other*, with *zòt*, *rýnj*, *púch*, respectively. +- Negative forms are formed by negating the "all/every" form. See [Negation]. +- The equivalent relative pronouns is unchanged. + +[pro-forms]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-form + +Examples: + +TODO: add glosses + +> **vungà las hipfy** +> happen-ind.pst.prf that-nom somewhen-dat +> *It happened at some point*. +> +> **saändasi Aäratraäce voö'ir vàtfy** +> city-nom.ea.sg ember-gen.fi be_located_at-int.prs.cnt somewhere-dat +> *Where is Ember city?* +> +> **wónjannane lúcfi càhánì** +> which-name-acc.fi.sg you-dat.ea.sg give-int.pst.prf +> *What is your name?* +> +> **vifi bansy civàtfy** +> stand-int.prs.cnt someone-nom.sg this-somewhere-dat +> *Is there anyone here?* +> +> **rýnjbansý càï'ar njizy lan** +> every-someone-nom.pl can-ind.prs.cnt do that-acc +> *Everyone can do that.* +> +> **dy njéna bansa lúcna daïnè'à, connar fènsu** +> `<sub>` woman-acc.wo.sg who.nom you-acc.wo.sg help-ind.pst.prf, +> know-ind.prs.cnt I-nom.wa.sg +> *I know the woman who helped you.* diff --git a/src/pos/verb.md b/src/pos/verb.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..818043f --- /dev/null +++ b/src/pos/verb.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +# Verb + +## Tense + +There are 3 tenses: past, present, and future. They are used according to +time. + +### Reported speech + +Unlike in English and some other languages, tense is not propagated in reported speech. +Instead, the tense is relative to the time spoken. +For example, if John said to Mary "I will meet you at noon" and now +is after that, you would say: + +> +> John-nom.sg Mary-dat.sg say-ind.pst.prf `<sub>` he-nom.sg her-acc.sg meet-ind.pst.prf +> noon-dat.fi.sg +> *John told Mary he would meet her at noon.* + +If the future is indefinite, it will stays in the future, whether the event has +happened or not. + +> +> he-nom.fi.sg believe-ind.pst.cont `<sub>` she-nom.ea.sg back-come-ind.fut.prf, +> that-acc.sg she-nom.ea.sg do.ind.pst.prf +> *He believed she would come back, and she did.* + +### Narration + +Narration is always present tense, even when the story obviously happened in the past. + +## Mood + +- indicative: the action actually occurs +- interrogative: the action is in the question +- imperative: the action is a command +- subjunctive: the action does not happens, and usually used in conditional or wish +- ritual: the action is the intend of the spellcaster + +Ritual mood is also used for cursing and profanity. In such case, the gender +affix is removed so the speaker does not accidentally cast the actual curse. +Because cursing is quite literal for Hàäsdáïga speakers, it is never used in +the same manner as in the modern society. + +## Aspect + +- habitual: the action happens repeatedly in the period of time +- continuous: the action or the state persists over the duration +- perfective: the action happens once and finished |